{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:22:49Z","timestamp":1790997769972,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran","award":["1719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1719"]}]},{"name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran","award":["1719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1719"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the world's neglected diseases which is caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. The aim of this study was to assess molecular profile and antimony resistance of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> isolated from human and rodent hosts. Samples were collected from suspected CL patients referred to\u00a0health centres and wild rodent's traps in Gonbad-e-Qabus region, north-eastern Iran. Smears were\u00a0subjected to PCR-RFLP to identify <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species. In addition, ITS1-PCR products were\u00a0sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Clinical isolates and rodent samples were subjected to MTT\u00a0assay to determine IC50 values and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> susceptibilities. Expression levels of antimony resistance-related genes were determined in CL isolates. Out of 1,949 suspected patients with CL and 148\u00a0rodents, 1,704 (87.4%) and 6 (4.05%) were positive with direct smear, respectively. Digestion patterns of BusRI (HaeIII) endonuclease enzyme were similar to what expected for <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the highest interspecies similarity was found between current <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> sequences with <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic> obtained from Russia and Uzbekistan. Out of 20\u2009<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic> samples tested, 13 (65%) were resistant to meglumine antimoniate (MA) treatment, with an activity index (AI) exceeding 4. The remaining 7 samples (35%) responded to MA treatment and were classified as sensitive isolates, with a confirmed sensitive phenotype based on their AI values. The comparison expression analysis of three major antimony resistance-associated genes in unresponsive clinical isolates demonstrated significant fold changes for TDR1 (4.78-fold), AQP1 (1.3-fold), and \u03b3-GCS (1.17-fold) genes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Herein, we demonstrate genetic diversity and antimony resistance of <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> isolated from human and reservoir hosts in north-eastern Iran, which could be the basis for\u00a0planning future control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2024.02194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T12:40:27Z","timestamp":1711024827000},"page":"89-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phylogenetic analysis and antimony resistance of Leishmania major isolated from humans and rodents"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Yussef","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3774-310X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hajar","family":"Ziaei Hezarjaribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Centre for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdol Sattar","family":"Pagheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-6938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Fakhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Centre for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Saberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Centre for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Sharbatkhori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbobeh","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Centre for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Ghalehnoei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisa","family":"Nazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"855","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis a neglected tropical disease: community knowledge, attitude and practices in an endemic area, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Tamiru HF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamiru HF, Mashalla YJ, Mohammed R, Tshweneagae GT. 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J Trop Med 2011; 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/695382."},{"issue":"9","key":"B35","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Role of efflux pumps and intracellular thiols in natural antimony resistant isolates of Leishmania donovani","volume":"8","author":"Rai S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rai S, Goel SK, Nath Dwivedi U, Sundar S, Goyal N. Role of efflux pumps and intracellular thiols in natural antimony resistant isolates of Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2013; 8(9): e74862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0074862."},{"issue":"3","key":"B36","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"496","article-title":"Assessing aquaglyceroporin gene status and expression profile in antimony-susceptible and-resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India","volume":"65","author":"Mandal S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mandal S, Maharjan M, Singh S, Chatterjee M, Madhubala R. 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