{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:02:23Z","timestamp":1788350543164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","award":["991640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["991640"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shigellosis, a diarrheal disease caused by <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> species, is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries with inadequate sanitation systems. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of antibiotic resistance, ESBL and AmpC genes, integrons, and enterotoxin genes in <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> species isolated from patients with gastroenteritis in Northeast Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2017 and December 2019\u2009at a tertiary care hospital in Northeast Iran. A\u00a0total of 110 <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> isolates were collected from stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis. The isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests and confirmed by PCR. The highest resistance rates were detected for ampicillin (88.2%) and cotrimoxazole (84.5%). Altogether 64.5% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance however, ESBL and AmpC phenotypes were detected in 34.54% and 1.81% of isolates, respectively. Interestingly, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub> were detected in all ESBL-positive isolates but integron class 1, 2, and 3 were identified in 97.3%, 76.4%, and 59.1% of isolates, respectively. The <jats:italic>sen<\/jats:italic> gene was present in 72.7% of the isolates. In this study CTX-M-15 production was detected in 31 strains of <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic> and in 7 strains of <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates is concerning and shows the need for continuous monitoring and rational use of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2024.02455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T13:00:13Z","timestamp":1733230813000},"page":"299-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High prevalence of CTX-M-15 producing Shigella spp. isolated from patients with gastroenteritis in Northeast Iran"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Manizhe","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Pouresmaeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Aryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Meshkat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Safdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4738-0245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hadi","family":"Farsiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"2580","article-title":"Rapid detection of Shigella species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture PCR with universal primers","volume":"68","author":"Peng X","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peng X, Luo W, Zhang J, Wang S, Lin S. Rapid detection of Shigella species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture PCR with universal primers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68(5): 2580\u20133."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Biomed Research International","article-title":"A pentaplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of Shigella species","volume":"2013","author":"Ojha SC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ojha SC, Yean Yean C, Ismail A, Banga Singh K-K. A pentaplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of Shigella species. Biomed Research International 2013; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"Jundishapur J Health Sci","article-title":"Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species in Iran during 2000\u20132020","volume":"13","author":"Moradi F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moradi F, Hadi N, Akbari M, Hashemizadeh Z, Rouhi Jahromi R. Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species in Iran during 2000\u20132020. 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Antimicrobial resistance patterns and prevalence of integrons in Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in southwest Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2021; 14(2): 78."},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung","first-page":"91","article-title":"Prevalence of enterotoxin-encoding genes among diverse Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea, southwest Iran","volume":"66","author":"Moosavian M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moosavian M, Seyed-Mohammadi S, Sheikh AF, Khoshnood S, Dezfuli AA, Saki M, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of enterotoxin-encoding genes among diverse Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea, southwest Iran. 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