{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:56:04Z","timestamp":1791420964294,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Products of avian origin are one of the major <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> reservoirs, responsible for serious public health concerns. Transmission and pathogenicity are mainly caused by molecular mechanisms, including chromosomal and plasmid-encoded virulence factors. This study aimed to perform phenotypic identification, antibiotic resistance profiling against 15 antibiotics, and characterization of virulence factors of 80 <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains (30 from human and 50 from poultry), collected in Annaba and Constantine regions in Algeria.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Antibiogram analysis and simplex PCR revealed complete resistance to four antibiotics: Ampicillin, Penicillin, Cephalotin and Cephoxetin. In addition, four virulence genes (<jats:italic>spvA, spiC, spvC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pefA<\/jats:italic>) were detected. These genes were identified in isolates from both avian and human origins, with variations in their distrubition frequencies. This study highlights the significant role of avian-derived <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, posing a serious threat to public health.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Antibiotic resistance profiling revealed that avian isolates exhibited complete resistance (100%) to ampicillin, penicillin and cephalothin, followed by a high resistance rate of 98% to cefalexin and ceftriaxone. Moderate resistance levels, ranging from 76% to 46%, were observed against streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid. In contrast, low resistance rates were reported for gentamicin, amikacin, and chloramphenicol, at 20%, 18%, and 16%, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>On the other hand, human isolates showed complete resistance (100%) to ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin and cefalexin. Moderate resistance (76%\u201346%) was observed against ceftriaxone, kanamycin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Low resistance levels were detected for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin, at 26%, 20%, and 6.6%, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These findings along with the widespread presence of virulence genes (<jats:italic>spvA, spiC, spvC,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pefA<\/jats:italic>) in both human and poultry isolates, underscore the potential for cross-species transmission and the urgent need for enhanced surveillance. The regional findings from Annaba and Constantine emphasize the importance of stricter antibiotic use policies in poultry farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2025.02627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T12:28:08Z","timestamp":1752150488000},"page":"261-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates from avian and human sources in northeastern Algeria"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5220-8286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amira","family":"Kout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Badji Mokhtar \u2013 Annaba University 12, P.O. 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