{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:11:13Z","timestamp":1785222673647,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1\/0024\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0024\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:italic>, the pathogen responsible for a highly contagious respiratory disease, utilizes a broad spectrum of virulence factors that results in subacute or chronic cough.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We conducted an analysis of pertussis incidence and reported cases in the European region from 2000 to 2024. We analyzed the potential factors contributing to the rise in pertussis incidence despite high vaccination rates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In 2024, the Slovak Republic and surrounding Central European countries (the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Ukraine) have seen a significant increase in pertussis incidence. The\u00a0results of this study suggest that the resurgence of pertussis was likely due to multiple interacting factors including waning immunity in adults, the genomic changes of <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic>, the \u201cimmune debt\u201d phenomenon following the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions, the lower vaccination rate against pertussis due to refusal to be vaccinated, a shorter duration of protection offered by acellular vaccines, the transmission of <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> from asymptomatic individuals or patients with mild infection to pertussis-susceptible individuals, as well as improved diagnostics and surveillance.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Unimmunised or partially immunised infants are at the highest risk of severe pertussis. The most common sources of infection are family members with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic disease. All patients with chronic cough should be tested for <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> as part of a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. To protect newborns, booster vaccination of parents, close family contacts and certain healthcare professionals carrying for the youngest children is recommended. This strategy helps to create a protective environment around infants in the period of pertussis resurgence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2025.02654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:07:50Z","timestamp":1753189670000},"page":"248-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resurgence of pertussis in Slovak Republic and\u00a0surrounding Central European countries"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Neuschlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovak Republic"},{"name":"Clinic of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Tuberculosis, National Institute of Pediatric Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Dolny Smokovec, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-3213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renata","family":"Pecova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Eur Respir J","article-title":"ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children","volume":"55","author":"Morice AH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, Birring SS, Dicpinigaitis P, Domingo Ribas C, et\u00a0al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(1): 1901136."},{"issue":"7","key":"B2","series-title":"BMJ Open","article-title":"Defining the risk factors for acute, subacute and chronic cough: a cross-sectional study in a Finnish adult employee population","volume":"8","author":"L\u00e4tti AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00e4tti AM, Pekkanen J, Koskela HO. Defining the risk factors for acute, subacute and chronic cough: a cross-sectional study in a Finnish adult employee population. BMJ Open 2018; 8(7): e022950."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"B3","series-title":"Lung","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Pediatric cough: children are not miniature adults","volume":"188","author":"Chang AB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chang AB. Pediatric cough: children are not miniature adults. Lung 2010; 188(Suppl 1): S33\u201340."},{"issue":"9621","key":"B4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough","volume":"371","author":"Chung KF","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung KF, Pavord ID. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough. Lancet 2008; 371(9621): 1364\u201374."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Chronic cough. 2024","author":"Alhajjaj MS","year":"2025 Jan\u2013","unstructured":"Alhajjaj MS, Sankari A, Bajaj P. Chronic cough. 2024. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan\u2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"533","article-title":"Confronting COVID-19-associated cough and the post-COVID syndrome: role of viral neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmune responses","volume":"9","author":"Song WJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song WJ, Hui CKM, Hull JH, Birring SS, McGarvey L, Mazzone SB, et\u00a0al. Confronting COVID-19-associated cough and the post-COVID syndrome: role of viral neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmune responses. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9(5): 533\u2013544."},{"issue":"12","key":"B7","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Chronic cough and cough hypersensitivity: from mechanistic insights to novel antitussives","volume":"10","author":"Mazzone SB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazzone SB, Satia I, McGarvey L, Song WJ, Chung KF. Chronic cough and cough hypersensitivity: from mechanistic insights to novel antitussives. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10(12): 1113\u20131115."},{"issue":"12","key":"B8","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"934","article-title":"Chronic cough and cough hypersensitivity syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Chung KF","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chung KF, McGarvey L, Mazzone S. Chronic cough and cough hypersensitivity syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4(12): 934\u2013935."},{"issue":"5","key":"B9","series-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","first-page":"673","article-title":"Allergy and clinical immunology. Bacterial etiology in subacute cough","volume":"15","author":"Moon JY","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moon JY, Lee H, Kim MH, Song WJ, Lee SM, Kim SH, et\u00a0al. Allergy and clinical immunology. Bacterial etiology in subacute cough. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2023; 15(5): 673\u2013681."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","article-title":"Recent increase in infant pertussis cases in Europe and the critical importance of antenatal immunizations: we must do better\u2026now","volume":"146","author":"Khalil A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalil A, Samara A, Campbell H, Ladhani SN, Amirthalingam G. Recent increase in infant pertussis cases in Europe and the critical importance of antenatal immunizations: we must do better\u2026now. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 146: 107148."},{"issue":"12 Suppl 2","key":"B11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S310","article-title":"Pertussis (Whooping Cough)","volume":"224","author":"Decker MD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Decker MD, Edwards KM. Pertussis (Whooping Cough). J Infect Dis 2021; 224(12 Suppl 2): S310\u2013S320."},{"issue":"5","key":"B12","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Bordetella pertussis and chronic cough in adults","volume":"29","author":"Birkebaek NH","year":"1999","unstructured":"Birkebaek NH, Kristiansen M, Seefeldt T, Degn J, Moller A, Heron I, et\u00a0al. Bordetella pertussis and chronic cough in adults. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29(5): 1239\u201342."},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","series-title":"Ear Nose Throat J","first-page":"NP25","article-title":"Bordetella pertussis infection presenting as chronic cough","volume":"99","author":"Chadwick KA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chadwick KA, Mattioni J, Sataloff RT. Bordetella pertussis infection presenting as chronic cough. Ear Nose Throat J 2020; 99(3): NP25\u2013NP26."},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Pertussis reported cases and incidence","author":"WHO","year":"2025","unstructured":"WHO. Pertussis reported cases and incidence; 2025. Available at: https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/global\/wiise-detail-page\/pertussis-reported-cases-and-incidence?CODE=EUR&YEAR=, Accessed 24 May 2025."},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Surveillance Atlas of infectious diseases","author":"ECDC","year":"2025","unstructured":"ECDC. Surveillance Atlas of infectious diseases; 2025. Available at: https:\/\/atlas.ecdc.europa.eu\/public\/index.aspx?Dataset=27&HealthTopic=38, Accessed 30 May 2025."},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Monthly reports of the occurrence of other communicable diseases in the Slovak Republic (Mesa\u010dn\u00e9 hl\u00e1senia v\u00fdskytu \u010fal\u0161\u00edch prenosn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed v SR)","author":"RUVZ","year":"2025","unstructured":"RUVZ. Monthly reports of the occurrence of other communicable diseases in the Slovak Republic (Mesa\u010dn\u00e9 hl\u00e1senia v\u00fdskytu \u010fal\u0161\u00edch prenosn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed v SR); 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.uvzsr.sk\/web\/uvz\/mesacne-hlasenia-vyskytu-dalsich-prenosnych-ochoreni, Accessed 25 May 2025."},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Current information on the occurrence of whooping cough in Slovakia (Aktu\u00e1lne inform\u00e1cie o v\u00fdskyte \u010dierneho ka\u0161\u013ea na Slovensku)","author":"UVZ","year":"2025","unstructured":"UVZ. Current information on the occurrence of whooping cough in Slovakia (Aktu\u00e1lne inform\u00e1cie o v\u00fdskyte \u010dierneho ka\u0161\u013ea na Slovensku); 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.uvzsr.sk\/web\/uvz\/tla%C4%8Dov%C3%A9-spr%C3%A1vy\/-\/asset_publisher\/xeme\/content\/aktualne-informacie-o-vyskyte-cierneho-kasla-na-slovensku, Accessed 20 May 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"B18","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"670","article-title":"Polymorphism in the Bordetella pertussis virulence factors P.69\/pertactin and pertussis toxin in The Netherlands: temporal trends and evidence for vaccine-driven evolution","volume":"66","author":"Mooi FR","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mooi FR, van Oirschot H, Heuvelman K, van der Heide HG, Gaastra W, Willems RJ. Polymorphism in the Bordetella pertussis virulence factors P.69\/pertactin and pertussis toxin in The Netherlands: temporal trends and evidence for vaccine-driven evolution. Infect Immun 1998; 66(2): 670\u20135."},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bordetella Pertussis virulence factors in the continuing evolution of whooping cough vaccines for improved performance","volume":"207","author":"Dorji D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorji D, Mooi F, Yantorno O, Deora R, Graham RM, Mukkur TK. Bordetella Pertussis virulence factors in the continuing evolution of whooping cough vaccines for improved performance. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207(1): 3\u201326."},{"issue":"46","key":"B20","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"6277","article-title":"Pertactin negative Bordetella pertussis demonstrates higher fitness under vaccine selection pressure in a mixed infection model","volume":"33","author":"Safarchi A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Safarchi A, Octavia S, Luu LD, Tay CY, Sintchenko V, Wood N, et\u00a0al. Pertactin negative Bordetella pertussis demonstrates higher fitness under vaccine selection pressure in a mixed infection model. Vaccine 2015; 33(46): 6277\u201381."},{"issue":"27","key":"B21","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"3746","article-title":"Decay of anti-Bordetella pertussis antibodies in women of childbearing age following COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical measures","volume":"40","author":"Reicherz F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reicherz F, Golding L, Lavoie PM, Abu-Raya B. Decay of anti-Bordetella pertussis antibodies in women of childbearing age following COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical measures. Vaccine 2022; 40(27): 3746\u20133751."},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Zao\u010dkovanos\u0165 na Slovensku kles\u00e1. Mus\u00edme spoji\u0165 sily, aby sme chr\u00e1nili zdravie det\u00ed","author":"UVZ SR","year":"2024","unstructured":"UVZ SR. Zao\u010dkovanos\u0165 na Slovensku kles\u00e1. Mus\u00edme spoji\u0165 sily, aby sme chr\u00e1nili zdravie det\u00ed; 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.uvzsr.sk\/web\/uvz\/tla%C4%8Dov%C3%A9-spr%C3%A1vy\/-\/asset_publisher\/xeme\/content\/zaockovanost-na-slovensku-klesa-musime-spojit-sily-aby-sme-chranili-zdravie-deti, Accessed 1 June 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"B23","series-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol","first-page":"709","article-title":"The impact of insertion sequences on bacterial genome plasticity and adaptability","volume":"43","author":"Vandecraen J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandecraen J, Chandler M, Aertsen A, Van Houdt R. The impact of insertion sequences on bacterial genome plasticity and adaptability. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43(6): 709\u2013730."},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"111","article-title":"Different T cell memory in preadolescents after whole-cell or acellular pertussis vaccination","volume":"32","author":"Smits K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smits K, Pottier G, Smet J, Dirix V, Vermeulen F, De Schutter I, et\u00a0al. Different T cell memory in preadolescents after whole-cell or acellular pertussis vaccination. Vaccine 2013; 32(1): 111\u20138."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Med Hypotheses","first-page":"101","article-title":"The pertussis hypothesis: bordetella pertussis colonization in the etiology of asthma and diseases of allergic sensitization","volume":"120","author":"Rubin K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rubin K, Glazer S. The pertussis hypothesis: bordetella pertussis colonization in the etiology of asthma and diseases of allergic sensitization. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120: 101\u2013115."},{"issue":"1","key":"B26","series-title":"Via prac","first-page":"24","article-title":"Pertussis with a focus on the increased incidence in 2024 (\u010cierny ka\u0161e\u013e vo svetle zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho ochorenia v roku 2024)","volume":"22","author":"\u0160af\u00e1rov\u00e1 D","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0160af\u00e1rov\u00e1 D. Pertussis with a focus on the increased incidence in 2024 (\u010cierny ka\u0161e\u013e vo svetle zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho ochorenia v roku 2024). Via prac 2025; 22(1): 24\u201328."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"mSphere","first-page":"e00639","article-title":"Less reactogenic whole-cell pertussis vaccine confers protection from Bordetella pertussis infection","volume":"10","author":"\u0160kopov\u00e1 K","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0160kopov\u00e1 K, Holubov\u00e1 J, Bo\u010dkov\u00e1 B, Sliveneck\u00e1 E, Santos de Barros JM, Stan\u011bk O, et\u00a0al. Less reactogenic whole-cell pertussis vaccine confers protection from Bordetella pertussis infection. mSphere 2025; 10: e00639\u201324."},{"issue":"1","key":"B28","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"3132","article-title":"Th1 polarization in Bordetella pertussis vaccine responses is maintained through a positive feedback loop","volume":"16","author":"Willemsen L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Willemsen L, Lee J, Shinde P, Soldevila F, Aoki M, Orfield S, et\u00a0al. Th1 polarization in Bordetella pertussis vaccine responses is maintained through a positive feedback loop. Nat Commun 2025; 16(1): 3132."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Medical microbiology (Lek\u00e1rska mikrobiol\u00f3gia)","first-page":"792","author":"Lipt\u00e1kov\u00e1 A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lipt\u00e1kov\u00e1 A, Buc M, Slobodn\u00edkov\u00e1 L, Ondriska F, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka F, \u010curov\u00e1 K, et al. Medical microbiology (Lek\u00e1rska mikrobiol\u00f3gia). Bratislava: HERBA; 2023. 792 p ISBN 978-80-8229-027-4."},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Guidelines of the Chief Hygienist of the Slovak Republic regarding anti-epidemic measures in the pertussis outbreak (Usmernenie hlavn\u00e9ho hygienika Slovenskej republiky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa protiepidemick\u00fdch opatren\u00ed v ohnisku pertussis)","author":"UVZ SR hlavn\u00fd hygienik","year":"2024","unstructured":"UVZ SR hlavn\u00fd hygienik. Guidelines of the Chief Hygienist of the Slovak Republic regarding anti-epidemic measures in the pertussis outbreak (Usmernenie hlavn\u00e9ho hygienika Slovenskej republiky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa protiepidemick\u00fdch opatren\u00ed v ohnisku pertussis); 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.uvzsr.sk\/documents\/d\/uvz\/usmernenie-hlavneho-hygienika-slovenskej-republiky-tykajuce-sa-protiepidemickych-opatreni-v-ohnisku-pertussis-pdf, Accessed 20 May 2025."}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/72\/3\/article-p248.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/72\/3\/article-p248.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/72\/3\/article-p248.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T07:47:01Z","timestamp":1759996021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/72\/3\/article-p248.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2025.02654","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1217-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}