{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T03:30:26Z","timestamp":1779939026086,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We investigated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pertussis in children from Wuxue, China, focusing on age-specific patterns in clinical presentation, laboratory findings and outcomes. A\u00a0retrospective case-control study was conducted on 306 pediatric patients hospitalized with pertussis at Wuxue First People's Hospital between May 2023 and June 2024. Patients were stratified into three age groups: infants (2\u201312 months,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 82), preschool children (1\u20136 years,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 127), and school-aged children (7\u201313 years,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 97). Age-matched healthy controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 306) were included for hematological comparisons. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Prism 9.5.0. Infants exhibited the most severe clinical profiles, with significantly elevated leukocyte and lymphocyte parameters compared to older groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). The incidence of pneumonia was the highest in infants (82.93% vs. 33.07% in preschool and 22.68% in school-aged children,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). ROC analysis highlighted lymphocyte percentage as a reliable diagnostic marker in infants (AUC = 0.7620). Seasonal peaks occurred in spring (61.44%) and winter (20.91%). Notably, 84.32% of infected children were fully vaccinated, indicating waning immunity. Macrolide-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were identified in 7.19% of cases however, co-trimoxazole was effective against these resistant strains. Severe pertussis occurred in 14.05% of cases, predominantly in infants (81.40%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Age is a critical factor in pertussis presentation. The high vaccination rate among cases underscores issues of waning immunity, necessitating\u00a0updated immunization strategies. Emerging macrolide resistance warrants vigilance, with co-trimoxazole serving as an effective alternative for therapy. Infants require prioritized surveillance and prompt management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2025.02683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T13:54:24Z","timestamp":1759240464000},"page":"331-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of pertussis in children: A\u00a0retrospective study of 306 cases in Wuxue, China"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Wuxue First People's Hospital, Wuxue, 435400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Wuxue First People's Hospital, Wuxue, 435400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yantao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Wuxue First People's Hospital, Wuxue, 435400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9355-7268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Wuxue First People's Hospital, Wuxue, 435400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"B1","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper, August 2015\u2013Recommendations","volume":"34","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper, August 2015\u2013Recommendations. Vaccine 2016; 34(12): 1423\u20135."},{"issue":"12 Suppl 2","key":"B2","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S310","article-title":"Pertussis (whooping cough)","volume":"224","author":"Decker MD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Decker MD, Edwards KM. Pertussis (whooping cough). J Infect Dis 2021; 224(12 Suppl 2): S310\u201320."},{"key":"B3","article-title":"WHO immunization data portal - global","author":"Immunization Data [Internet]","year":"cited 2024 Jul 27","unstructured":"Immunization Data [Internet]. WHO immunization data portal - global; cited 2024 Jul 27. Available from: https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int."},{"issue":"1822","key":"B4","series-title":"Proc Biol Sci","article-title":"The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution","volume":"283","author":"Domenech de Cell\u00e8s M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Domenech de Cell\u00e8s M, Magpantay FMG, King AA, Rohani P. The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283(1822): 20152309."},{"issue":"6","key":"B5","series-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"955","article-title":"Expert consensus on the China Pertussis Initiative","volume":"42","author":"Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Vaccine and Immunology Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Vaccine and Immunology Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Expert consensus on the China Pertussis Initiative. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2021; 42(6): 955\u201365."},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"578","article-title":"High prevalence of Bordetella pertussis in young hospitalized infants with acute respiratory infection in the south of China: age- and season-dependent effects","volume":"80","author":"Wang H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Zheng Y, de Groot R, Yang Y, Diavatopoulos DA, Chen Y, et\u00a0al. High prevalence of Bordetella pertussis in young hospitalized infants with acute respiratory infection in the south of China: age- and season-dependent effects. J Infect 2020; 80(5): 578\u2013606."},{"issue":"4","key":"B7","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"635","article-title":"Sources of infant pertussis infection in the United States","volume":"136","author":"Skoff TH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skoff TH, Kenyon C, Cocoros N, Liko J, Miller L, Kudish K, et\u00a0al. Sources of infant pertussis infection in the United States. Pediatrics 2015; 136(4): 635\u201341."},{"issue":"16","key":"B8","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of pertussis booster vaccination for adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Xu J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu J, Liu S, Liu Q, Rong R, Tang W, Wang Q, et\u00a0al. The effectiveness and safety of pertussis booster vaccination for adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98(16): e15281."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"1453","article-title":"Global burden of pertussis in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Nie Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nie Y, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Wang N, Wang S, Liu Y, et\u00a0al. Global burden of pertussis in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Public Health 2024; 24: 1453."},{"issue":"41","key":"B10","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"6105","article-title":"Pertussis in Mexico from 2000 to 2019: a\u00a0real-world study of incidence, vaccination coverage, and vaccine effectiveness","volume":"41","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez G","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez G, Luna-Casas G, Mascare\u00f1as C, Macina D, Vargas-Zambrano JC. Pertussis in Mexico from 2000 to 2019: a\u00a0real-world study of incidence, vaccination coverage, and vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine 2023; 41(41): 6105\u201311."},{"issue":"12","key":"B11","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of pertussis in China: a population-based, cross-sectional study","volume":"39","author":"Zhang Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Pan J, Chen M, Zhang T, Li J, Lu L. Seroepidemiology of pertussis in China: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Vaccine 2021; 39(12): 1687\u201392."},{"issue":"34","key":"B12","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5133","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in Japan","volume":"36","author":"Hoshi SL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoshi SL, Seposo X, Okubo I, Kondo M. Cost-effectiveness analysis of pertussis vaccination during pregnancy in Japan. Vaccine 2018; 36(34): 5133\u201340."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pertussis","author":"Chinese Medical Association","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chinese Medical Association. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pertussis, 2024 Edition. Beijing: People\u2019s Medical Publishing House; 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"J Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106222","article-title":"Detection of Bordetella spp. in children with pertussis-like illness from 2018 to 2024 in China","volume":"89","author":"Hu Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu Y, Shi W, Meng Q, Yuan L, Gao W, Wang L, et\u00a0al. Detection of Bordetella spp. in children with pertussis-like illness from 2018 to 2024 in China. J Infect 2024; 89(3): 106222. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106222https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106222"},{"issue":"04","key":"B15","series-title":"J Pediatr Pharm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.13407\/j.cnki.jpp.1672-108X.2021.04.011","article-title":"Bacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing in children with pertussis and their close contacts","volume":"27","author":"Lei YL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lei YL, Wang HM, Zhang JS, Deng JK. Bacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing in children with pertussis and their close contacts. J Pediatr Pharm 2021; 27(04): 37\u201339. 10.13407\/j.cnki.jpp.1672-108X.2021.04.011https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13407\/j.cnki.jpp.1672-108X.2021.04.011"},{"issue":"06","key":"B16","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr","first-page":"483","article-title":"Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bordetella pertussis","author":"Ou JL","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ou JL, Yuan L, Yao KH, Shen XZ, Yang YH. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bordetella pertussis. J Clin Pediatr 2008; 06: 483\u2013485."},{"issue":"10","key":"B17","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","article-title":"Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature","volume":"3","author":"Lowen AC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lowen AC, Mubareka S., Steel J., Palese P. Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3(10): e151."},{"issue":"10","key":"B18","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1577","article-title":"et al. Environmental survival of Bordetella pertussis: implications for transmission","volume":"211","author":"Tatti K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tatti K, Wu KH, Tondella ML, Mayer LW, Patel MK, Moran JS, et al. Environmental survival of Bordetella pertussis: implications for transmission. J Infect Dis 2015; 211(10): 1577\u20131584."},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","series-title":"Med Hypotheses","first-page":"396","article-title":"Vitamin D and influenza\u2014prevention or therapy?","volume":"67","author":"Cannell JJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cannell JJ, Grant WB, Holick MF. Vitamin D and influenza\u2014prevention or therapy? Med Hypotheses 2006; 67(3): 396\u2013402."},{"issue":"1","key":"B20","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Development and validation of a diagnostic prediction model for children with pertussis","volume":"14","author":"Gao Q","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao Q, Xu D, Guan X, Jia P, Lei X. Development and validation of a diagnostic prediction model for children with pertussis. Sci Rep 2024; 14(1): 17154."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"53","article-title":"Critical pertussis: a multi-centric analysis of risk factors and outcomes in Oman","volume":"107","author":"Birru F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Birru F, Al-Hinai Z, Awlad Thani S, Al-Mukhaini K, Al-Zakwani I, Al-Abdwani R. Critical pertussis: a multi-centric analysis of risk factors and outcomes in Oman. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107: 53\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Int J Lab Hematol","first-page":"e26","article-title":"Utility of cleaved lymphocytes from peripheral blood smear in the diagnosis of pertussis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang R, Wang H, Li C, Chen Y, Xu G, Deng J. Utility of cleaved lymphocytes from peripheral blood smear in the diagnosis of pertussis. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43(1): e26\u20137."},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"370","article-title":"Bordetella pertussis infection in infants and young children in Shanghai, China, 2016-2017: clinical features, genotype variations of antigenic genes and macrolides resistance","volume":"38","author":"Fu P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu P, Wang C, Tian H, Kang Z, Zeng M. Bordetella pertussis infection in infants and young children in Shanghai, China, 2016-2017: clinical features, genotype variations of antigenic genes and macrolides resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38(4): 370\u20136."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist","first-page":"47","article-title":"In vitro activity and clinical efficacy of macrolides, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin\/piperacillin-tazobactam against Bordetella pertussis and the clinical manifestations in pertussis patients due to these isolates: a single-centre study in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"18","author":"Hua CZ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hua CZ, Wang HJ, Zhang Z, Tao XF, Li JP, Mi YM, et\u00a0al. In vitro activity and clinical efficacy of macrolides, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin\/piperacillin-tazobactam against Bordetella pertussis and the clinical manifestations in pertussis patients due to these isolates: a single-centre study in Zhejiang Province, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18: 47\u201351."},{"issue":"4","key":"B25","series-title":"APMIS","first-page":"361","article-title":"Where macrolide resistance is prevalent","volume":"123","author":"Li Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu X, Zhang B, He Q, Wang Z. Where macrolide resistance is prevalent. APMIS 2015; 123(4): 361\u20133."},{"issue":"1","key":"B26","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"919","article-title":"Pertussis hospitalizations among term and preterm infants: clinical course and vaccine effectiveness","volume":"19","author":"van der Maas NAT","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Maas NAT, Sanders EAM, Versteegh FGA, Baauw A, Westerhof A, de Melker HE. Pertussis hospitalizations among term and preterm infants: clinical course and vaccine effectiveness. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19(1): 919."}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/72\/4\/article-p331.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/72\/4\/article-p331.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/72\/4\/article-p331.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:59:04Z","timestamp":1764248344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/72\/4\/article-p331.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2025.02683","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1217-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}