{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:27:26Z","timestamp":1772720846176,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMICR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n The emergence of carbapenem-resistant\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n (CRKP) poses a significant challenge globally. This study reports on a ceftazidime-avibactam resistant KPC-35 producing\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n strain from a patient with cerebral hemorrhage undergoing ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) treatment. In this study, three\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n strains were isolated from blood samples of a patient after intracerebral hemorrhage. Broth microdilution, checkerboard assays, and time-kill assays were employed to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and combination regimens. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate the genetic characteristics of the three\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n strains. The results showed that,\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n KP29870 strain belonged to ST15, it was KPC-35 positive and exhibited a 16-fold higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CZA (32 vs 1\u20132\u2009mg L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) but significantly lower MICs of imipenem (2 vs \u2265 16\u2009mg L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) and meropenem (1 vs \u2265 16\u2009mg L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ), compared to the other two\u2009\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n strains, that harboured KPC-2. CZA resistant\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n remained highly susceptible to aztreonam-avibactam (MIC 0.03\/4\u2009mg L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ). The single base mutation (T503C) resulted in the substitution of leucine with proline at Ambler amino acid position 169 (L169P), corresponding to an evolution from\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n KPC-2<\/jats:sub>\n to\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n KPC-35<\/jats:sub>\n . Checkerboard and time-kill assays demonstrated synergistic antibacterial effects for CZA combined with imipenem, meropenem, or with aztreonam against KPC-35 positive\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n . This is the first report in China of a\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n ST15 strain harboring\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n KPC-35<\/jats:sub>\n emerging from a\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n KPC-2<\/jats:sub>\n -positive ancestor during CZA treatment. The new \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination such as aztreonam-avibactam monotherapy or CZA combined with carbapenems or with aztreonam represents promising treatment strategies against such KPC mutants. We recommend prompt susceptibility testing and KPC genotyping if resistance emergence is suspected during CZA therapy.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2026.02845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:05:38Z","timestamp":1768388738000},"page":"45-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of ceftazidime-avibactam resistant blaKPC-35-harbouring Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 from bloodstream infection"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Yihui","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 210002, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijie","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-4452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guohua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-4508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"B1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO bacterial priority pathogens list 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"25","author":"Sati H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sati H, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Hansen P, Garlasco J, Campagnaro E, et al. The WHO bacterial priority pathogens list 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; 25(9): 1033\u201343. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"CHINET antibacterial resistance surveillance","author":"China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network","unstructured":"China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network. CHINET antibacterial resistance surveillance. CHINET website. [Updated 2025]. https:\/\/www.chinets.com\/Data\/GermYear."},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324925","article-title":"Risk factors for multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in Shanghai: a five-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Cao H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao H, Zhou S, Wang X, Xiao S, Zhao S. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in Shanghai: a five-year retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2025; 20(5): e0324925. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0324925https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324925"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"16","author":"Xu L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu L, Sun X, Ma X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16(1): 18. 10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"B5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz830","article-title":"Treatment options for arbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"69","author":"Doi Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doi Y. Treatment options for arbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69(Suppl 7): S565\u201375. 10.1093\/cid\/ciz830https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz830"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Front Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080","article-title":"Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an update on therapeutic options","volume":"10","author":"Sheu CC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheu CC, Chang YT, Lin SY, Chen YH, Hsueh PR. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an update on therapeutic options. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 80. 10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080"},{"issue":"8","key":"B7","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1622","article-title":"The beta-lactams strike back: ceftazidime-avibactam","volume":"35","author":"Zasowski EJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zasowski EJ, Rybak JM, Rybak MJ. The beta-lactams strike back: ceftazidime-avibactam. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35(8): 755\u201370. 10.1002\/phar.1622https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1622"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw243","article-title":"Ceftazidime\/avibactam and ceftolozane\/tazobactam: second-generation beta-lactam\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations","volume":"63","author":"van Duin D","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Duin D, Bonomo RA. Ceftazidime\/avibactam and ceftolozane\/tazobactam: second-generation beta-lactam\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(2): 234\u201341. 10.1093\/cid\/ciw243https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw243"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Microb Pathogenesis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106090","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam compared to other antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Karampatakis T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karampatakis T, Tsergouli K, Lowrie K. Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam compared to other antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathogenesis 2023; 179: 106090. 10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106090https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106090"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1600746","article-title":"A comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in hematological patients afflicted with bacteremia attributable to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae versus Escherichia coli","volume":"15","author":"Wang J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Liu J, Lin Q, Zhang F, Zheng Y, Xiao Z, et al. A comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in hematological patients afflicted with bacteremia attributable to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae versus Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 15: 1600746. 10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1600746https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1600746"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious diseases society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious diseases society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024. 10.1093\/cid\/ciae403https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae403"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.07.011","article-title":"Emerging resistance to novel \u03b2-lactam \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations in Klebsiella pneumoniae bearing KPC variants","volume":"44","author":"Hamza M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamza M, Traglia GM, Maccari L, Gomez S, Sanz MB, Akhtar U, et al. Emerging resistance to novel \u03b2-lactam \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations in Klebsiella pneumoniae bearing KPC variants. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2025; 44: 297\u2013305. 10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.07.011https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.07.011"},{"issue":"5","key":"B13","series-title":"Infection","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01781-3","article-title":"Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial infections: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"Liu X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Chu Y, Yue H, Huang X, Zhou G. Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial infections: a single-center retrospective study. Infection 2022; 50(5): 1147\u201354. 10.1007\/s15010-022-01781-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01781-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00399-6","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex among patients from different global regions (CRACKLE-2): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Wang M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang M, Earley M, Chen L, Hanson BM, Yu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex among patients from different global regions (CRACKLE-2): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22(3): 401\u201312. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00399-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00399-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00008-23","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health","volume":"36","author":"Ding L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding L, Shen S, Chen J, Tian Z, Shi Q, Han R, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36(4): e00008-23. 10.1128\/cmr.00008-23https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00008-23"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"CLSI M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","unstructured":"CLSI M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. https:\/\/clsi.org\/shop\/standards\/m100\/."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Clinical microbiology procedures handbook","article-title":"Synergism testing: broth microdilution checkerboard and broth macrodilution method","unstructured":"Synergism testing: broth microdilution checkerboard and broth macrodilution method. In Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"B18","series-title":"ACS Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00157","article-title":"Polyamine-mediated sensitization of Klebsiella pneumoniae to macrolides through a dual mode of action","volume":"10","author":"Adams JME","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adams JME, Moulding PB, El-Halfawy OM. Polyamine-mediated sensitization of Klebsiella pneumoniae to macrolides through a dual mode of action. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10(6): 2183\u201395. 10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00157https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00157"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg301","article-title":"Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them","volume":"52","author":"Odds FC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Odds FC. Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52(1): 1. 10.1093\/jac\/dkg301https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg301"},{"issue":"12","key":"B20","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01121-14","article-title":"When does 2 plus 2 equal 5? A review of antimicrobial synergy testing","volume":"52","author":"Doern CD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doern CD. When does 2 plus 2 equal 5? A review of antimicrobial synergy testing. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(12): 4124\u20138. 10.1128\/JCM.01121-14https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01121-14"},{"issue":"5","key":"B21","series-title":"Genome Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.215087.116","article-title":"Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive k-mer weighting and repeat separation","volume":"27","author":"Koren S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koren S, Walenz BP, Berlin K, Miller JR, Bergman NH, Phillippy AM. Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive k-mer weighting and repeat separation. Genome Res 2017; 27(5): 722\u201336. 10.1101\/gr.215087.116https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.215087.116"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45","article-title":"The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000","volume":"28","author":"Bairoch A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bairoch A, Apweiler R. The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28(1): 45\u20138. 10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45"},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33","article-title":"The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution","volume":"28","author":"Tatusov RL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tatusov RL, Galperin MY, Natale DA, Koonin EV. The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28(1): 33\u20136. 10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Nat Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, et al. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 2000; 25(1): 25\u20139. 10.1038\/75556https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/75556"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"27","author":"Ogata H","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ogata H, Goto S, Sato K, Fujibuchi W, Bono H, Kanehisa M. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27(1): 29\u201334. 10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29"},{"issue":"D1","key":"B26","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239","article-title":"VFDB 2016: hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis\u201410 years on","volume":"44","author":"Chen L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen L, Zheng D, Liu B, Yang J, Jin Q. VFDB 2016: hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis\u201410 years on. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44(D1): D694\u20137. 10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"B27","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D443","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn656","article-title":"ARDB--antibiotic resistance genes database","volume":"37","author":"Liu B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu B, Pop M. ARDB--antibiotic resistance genes database. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37(Database issue): D443\u20137. 10.1093\/nar\/gkn656https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkn656"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"B28","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D233","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn663","article-title":"The carbohydrate-active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics","volume":"37","author":"Cantarel BL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cantarel BL, Coutinho PM, Rancurel C, Bernard T, Lombard V, Henrissat B. The carbohydrate-active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37(Database issue): D233\u20138. 10.1093\/nar\/gkn663https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkn663"},{"issue":"8","key":"B29","series-title":"Microb Genom","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000124","article-title":"Comparison of classical multi-locus sequence typing software for next-generation sequencing data","volume":"3","author":"Page AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Page AJ, Alikhan NF, Carleton HA, Seemann T, Keane JA, Katz LS. Comparison of classical multi-locus sequence typing software for next-generation sequencing data. Microb Genom 2017; 3(8): e000124. 10.1099\/mgen.0.000124https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000124"},{"issue":"W1","key":"B30","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W484","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad326","article-title":"Proksee: in-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes","volume":"51","author":"Grant JR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grant JR, Enns E, Marinier E, Mandal A, Herman EK, Chen CY, et al. Proksee: in-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51(W1): W484\u201392. 10.1093\/nar\/gkad326https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkad326"},{"issue":"10","key":"B31","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1","article-title":"Treatment for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections: recent advances and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Tompkins K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tompkins K, van Duin D. Treatment for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections: recent advances and future directions. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40(10): 2053\u201368. 10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"B32","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix893","article-title":"Carbapenemase-producing organisms: a global scourge","volume":"66","author":"Bonomo RA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonomo RA, Burd EM, Conly J, Limbago BM, Poirel L, Segre JA, et al. Carbapenemase-producing organisms: a global scourge. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66(8): 1290\u20137. 10.1093\/cid\/cix893https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix893"},{"issue":"10","key":"B33","series-title":"Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.07.006","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance","volume":"49","author":"Edwards F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edwards F, MacGowan A, Macnaughton E. Antibiotic resistance. Medicine 2021; 49(10): 632\u20137. 10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.07.006https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.07.006"},{"issue":"7","key":"B34","series-title":"Microorganisms","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071697","article-title":"Global epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Gram-Negative clinical isolates: a review","volume":"13","author":"Falagas ME","year":"2025","unstructured":"Falagas ME, Asimotou CM, Zidrou M, Kontogiannis DS, Filippou C. Global epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Gram-Negative clinical isolates: a review. Microorganisms 2025; 13(7). 10.3390\/microorganisms13071697https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13071697"},{"issue":"2","key":"B35","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.014","article-title":"Pandemic spread of blaKPC-2 among Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 in China is associated with horizontal transfer mediated by IncFII-like plasmids","volume":"54","author":"Fu P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu P, Tang Y, Li G, Yu L, Wang Y, Jiang X. Pandemic spread of blaKPC-2 among Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 in China is associated with horizontal transfer mediated by IncFII-like plasmids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54(2): 117\u201324. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.014https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.014"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.666030","article-title":"Genetic characterisation of colistin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from North India","volume":"11","author":"Singh S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh S, Pathak A, Rahman M, Singh A, Nag S, Sahu C, et al. Genetic characterisation of colistin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from North India. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11: 666030. 10.3389\/fcimb.2021.666030https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.666030"},{"issue":"3","key":"B37","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.008","article-title":"A multicenter study of the clonal structure and resistance mechanism of KPC-producing Escherichia coli isolates in Israel","volume":"21","author":"Adler A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adler A, Miller-Roll T, Assous MV, Geffen Y, Paikin S, Schwartz D, et al. A multicenter study of the clonal structure and resistance mechanism of KPC-producing Escherichia coli isolates in Israel. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21(3): 230\u20135. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.008"},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1118122","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characteristics of polymyxin-resistant Enterobacterales in a Chinese tertiary teaching hospital","volume":"13","author":"Xiao C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao C, Li X, Huang L, Cao H, Han L, Ni Y, et al. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of polymyxin-resistant Enterobacterales in a Chinese tertiary teaching hospital. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13. 10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1118122https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1118122"},{"issue":"2","key":"B39","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01882-17","article-title":"Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: report from the China CRE network","volume":"62","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yin Y, Chen H, Jin L, Gu B, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: report from the China CRE network. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62(2). 10.1128\/aac.01882-17https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01882-17"},{"issue":"5","key":"B40","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz026","article-title":"Ceftazidime\/avibactam resistance associated with L169P mutation in the omega loop of KPC-2","volume":"74","author":"Hemarajata P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemarajata P, Humphries RM. Ceftazidime\/avibactam resistance associated with L169P mutation in the omega loop of KPC-2. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74(5): 1241\u20133. 10.1093\/jac\/dkz026https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz026"},{"issue":"3","key":"B41","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01714-21","article-title":"Multiple novel ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant variants of blaKPC-2-Positive Klebsiella pneumoniae in two patients","volume":"10","author":"Shi Q","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Q, Han R, Guo Y, Yang Y, Wu S, Ding L, et al. Multiple novel ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant variants of blaKPC-2-Positive Klebsiella pneumoniae in two patients. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10(3): e01714-21. 10.1128\/spectrum.01714-21https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01714-21"},{"key":"B42","series-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009","article-title":"Resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam and underlying mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Wang Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang J, Wang R, Cai Y. Resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam and underlying mechanisms. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22: 18\u201327. 10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009"},{"issue":"25","key":"B43","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e208","article-title":"Evolution of bla(KPC) under the pressure of carbapenems and ceftazidime\/avibactam in a patient with persistent bacteremia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"39","author":"Won EJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Won EJ, Park K, Jeong YS, Kim J, Choi Y, Kim SH, et al. Evolution of bla(KPC) under the pressure of carbapenems and ceftazidime\/avibactam in a patient with persistent bacteremia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39(25): e208. 10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e208https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e208"},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S371285","article-title":"Diversity of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance mechanism in KPC2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae under antibiotic selection pressure","volume":"15","author":"Jiang M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang M, Sun B, Huang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Ren Y, et al. Diversity of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance mechanism in KPC2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae under antibiotic selection pressure. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15: 4627\u201336. 10.2147\/IDR.S371285https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S371285"},{"issue":"6","key":"B45","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000491","article-title":"Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in Gram-negative infections","volume":"31","author":"De Waele JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Waele JJ, Martin-Loeches I. Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in Gram-negative infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 31(6): 606\u201311. 10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000491https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000491"},{"issue":"1","key":"B46","series-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00743-x","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam treatment dilemma of blaKPC\u22122-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae due to the development of co-existence of mixed strains carrying blaKPC\u22122 or blaKPC\u221233 in lung transplant recipients","volume":"23","author":"Lei Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zeng L, Wu Y, Zhang F, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam treatment dilemma of blaKPC\u22122-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae due to the development of co-existence of mixed strains carrying blaKPC\u22122 or blaKPC\u221233 in lung transplant recipients. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials 2024; 23(1): 99. 10.1186\/s12941-024-00743-xhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-024-00743-x"},{"issue":"10","key":"B47","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00574-21","article-title":"Evolutionary trajectories toward ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates","volume":"65","author":"Carattoli A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carattoli A, Arcari G, Bibbolino G, Sacco F, Tomolillo D, Lella FMD, et al. Evolutionary trajectories toward ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65(10). 10.1128\/aac.00574-21https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00574-21"},{"issue":"9","key":"B48","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.9.2485-2491.2000","article-title":"Concentration-dependent selection of small phenotypic differences in TEM \u03b2-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance","volume":"44","author":"Negri M-C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Negri M-C, Lipsitch M, Bl\u00e1zquez J, Levin BR, Baquero F. Concentration-dependent selection of small phenotypic differences in TEM \u03b2-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44(9): 2485\u201391. 10.1128\/aac.44.9.2485-2491.2000https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.44.9.2485-2491.2000"},{"issue":"12","key":"B49","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5081-5091.2005","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic model to describe the concentration-dependent selection of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"49","author":"Olofsson SK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olofsson SK, Geli P, Andersson DI, Cars O. Pharmacodynamic model to describe the concentration-dependent selection of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49(12): 5081\u201391. 10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5081-5091.2005https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5081-5091.2005"},{"key":"B50","series-title":"bioRxiv","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.25.595866","article-title":"Evolutionary trajectories of resistant mutants during sub-MIC antibiotic exposure","author":"Warsi OM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Warsi OM. Evolutionary trajectories of resistant mutants during sub-MIC antibiotic exposure. bioRxiv 2024; 2024.05.25.595866. 10.1101\/2024.05.25.595866https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.25.595866"},{"issue":"1","key":"B51","series-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2356146","article-title":"In vitro mimicry of in vivo KPC mutations by ceftazidime-avibactam: phenotypes, mechanisms, genetic structure and kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen S, Tang C, Yang W, Ding L, Han R, Shi Q, et al. In vitro mimicry of in vivo KPC mutations by ceftazidime-avibactam: phenotypes, mechanisms, genetic structure and kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13(1): 2356146. 10.1080\/22221751.2024.2356146https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2024.2356146"},{"issue":"8","key":"B52","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00258-24","article-title":"A large-scale surveillance revealed that KPC variants mediated ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"12","author":"Qiao S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao S, Xin S, Zhu Y, Zhao F, Wu H, Zhang J, et al. A large-scale surveillance revealed that KPC variants mediated ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12(8): e00258-24. 10.1128\/spectrum.00258-24https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00258-24"},{"issue":"8","key":"B53","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv094","article-title":"Activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli containing KPC and SHV \u03b2-lactamases with single amino acid substitutions in the \u03a9-loop","volume":"70","author":"Winkler ML","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winkler ML, Papp-Wallace KM, Bonomo RA. Activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli containing KPC and SHV \u03b2-lactamases with single amino acid substitutions in the \u03a9-loop. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70(8): 2279\u201386. 10.1093\/jac\/dkv094https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkv094"},{"issue":"8","key":"B54","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04198-2","article-title":"KPC-12 with a L169M substitution in the Omega loop has reduced carbapenemase activity","volume":"40","author":"Qin J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin J, Feng Y, Lu X, Zong Z. KPC-12 with a L169M substitution in the Omega loop has reduced carbapenemase activity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40(8): 1761\u20136. 10.1007\/s10096-021-04198-2https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-021-04198-2"},{"key":"B55","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S465699","article-title":"Characteristic of KPC-12, a KPC variant conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam in the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11-KL47 clone background","volume":"17","author":"Han W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han W, Zhou P, Chen C, Wu C, Shen L, Wan C, et al. Characteristic of KPC-12, a KPC variant conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam in the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11-KL47 clone background. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17: 2541\u201354. 10.2147\/IDR.S465699https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S465699"},{"key":"B56","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024. 10.1093\/cid\/ciae403https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae403"},{"issue":"5","key":"B57","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050604","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with imipenem as salvage therapy for ST11 KPC-33-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"11","author":"Ding L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding L, Shen S, Han R, Yin D, Guo Y, Hu F. Ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with imipenem as salvage therapy for ST11 KPC-33-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11(5). 10.3390\/antibiotics11050604https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050604"},{"issue":"1","key":"B58","series-title":"Nat Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52100-3","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of a phosphotransferase system glucose transporter","volume":"15","author":"Roth P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roth P, Jeckelmann J-M, Fender I, Ucurum Z, Lemmin T, Fotiadis D. Structure and mechanism of a phosphotransferase system glucose transporter. Nat Commun 2024; 15(1): 7992. 10.1038\/s41467-024-52100-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-52100-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"B59","series-title":"Mol Gen Genet MGG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298968","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent l-sorbose: phosphotransferase system from Klebsiella pneumoniae and of its multidomain structure","volume":"246","author":"Wehmeier UF","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wehmeier UF, W\u00f6hrl BM, Lengeler JW. Molecular analysis of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent l-sorbose: phosphotransferase system from Klebsiella pneumoniae and of its multidomain structure. Mol Gen Genet MGG 1995; 246(5): 610\u20138. 10.1007\/BF00298968https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00298968"},{"issue":"4","key":"B60","series-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.17.4.16","article-title":"Molecular detection of key virulence-associated genes and phenotypic analysis of virulence traits of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Tiria F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tiria F, Odoyo E, Georges M, Nyerere A, Musila L. Molecular detection of key virulence-associated genes and phenotypic analysis of virulence traits of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Kenya. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2023; 17(4): 2194\u2013204. 10.22207\/jpam.17.4.16https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/jpam.17.4.16"},{"key":"B61","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818","article-title":"Different regulatory mechanisms of the capsule in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumonia: \u201cdirect\u201d wcaJ variation vs. \u201cindirect\u201d rmpA regulation","author":"Wang W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang W, Tian D, Hu D, Chen W, Zhou Y, Jiang X. Different regulatory mechanisms of the capsule in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumonia: \u201cdirect\u201d wcaJ variation vs. \u201cindirect\u201d rmpA regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13-2023. 10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Analysis of changes in genes that lead to antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae 43816","author":"Anderson JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson JR. Analysis of changes in genes that lead to antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae 43816; 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.unf.edu\/etd\/994."},{"issue":"1","key":"B63","series-title":"NPJ Microgravity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00489-6","article-title":"Phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in Klebsiella pneumoniae after long term exposure to simulated microgravity","volume":"11","author":"Wang X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Chai Z, Liu W, Jia T, Yang Z, Zhang F, et al. Phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in Klebsiella pneumoniae after long term exposure to simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2025; 11(1): 35. 10.1038\/s41526-025-00489-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41526-025-00489-6"},{"issue":"9","key":"B1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO bacterial priority pathogens list 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"25","author":"Sati H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sati H, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Hansen P, Garlasco J, Campagnaro E, et al. The WHO bacterial priority pathogens list 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; 25(9): 1033\u201343. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"CHINET antibacterial resistance surveillance","author":"China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network","unstructured":"China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network. CHINET antibacterial resistance surveillance. CHINET website. [Updated 2025]. https:\/\/www.chinets.com\/Data\/GermYear."},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324925","article-title":"Risk factors for multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in Shanghai: a five-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Cao H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao H, Zhou S, Wang X, Xiao S, Zhao S. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in Shanghai: a five-year retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2025; 20(5): e0324925. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0324925https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0324925"},{"issue":"1","key":"B4","series-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"16","author":"Xu L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu L, Sun X, Ma X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16(1): 18. 10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-017-0191-3"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"B5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz830","article-title":"Treatment options for arbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"69","author":"Doi Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doi Y. Treatment options for arbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69(Suppl 7): S565\u201375. 10.1093\/cid\/ciz830https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz830"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Front Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080","article-title":"Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an update on therapeutic options","volume":"10","author":"Sheu CC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheu CC, Chang YT, Lin SY, Chen YH, Hsueh PR. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an update on therapeutic options. Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 80. 10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080"},{"issue":"8","key":"B7","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1622","article-title":"The beta-lactams strike back: ceftazidime-avibactam","volume":"35","author":"Zasowski EJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zasowski EJ, Rybak JM, Rybak MJ. The beta-lactams strike back: ceftazidime-avibactam. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35(8): 755\u201370. 10.1002\/phar.1622https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1622"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw243","article-title":"Ceftazidime\/avibactam and ceftolozane\/tazobactam: second-generation beta-lactam\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations","volume":"63","author":"van Duin D","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Duin D, Bonomo RA. Ceftazidime\/avibactam and ceftolozane\/tazobactam: second-generation beta-lactam\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(2): 234\u201341. 10.1093\/cid\/ciw243https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw243"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Microb Pathogenesis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106090","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam compared to other antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Karampatakis T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karampatakis T, Tsergouli K, Lowrie K. Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam compared to other antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathogenesis 2023; 179: 106090. 10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106090https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106090"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1600746","article-title":"A comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in hematological patients afflicted with bacteremia attributable to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae versus Escherichia coli","volume":"15","author":"Wang J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Liu J, Lin Q, Zhang F, Zheng Y, Xiao Z, et al. A comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in hematological patients afflicted with bacteremia attributable to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae versus Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 15: 1600746. 10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1600746https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1600746"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious diseases society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious diseases society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024. 10.1093\/cid\/ciae403https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae403"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.07.011","article-title":"Emerging resistance to novel \u03b2-lactam \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations in Klebsiella pneumoniae bearing KPC variants","volume":"44","author":"Hamza M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamza M, Traglia GM, Maccari L, Gomez S, Sanz MB, Akhtar U, et al. Emerging resistance to novel \u03b2-lactam \u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations in Klebsiella pneumoniae bearing KPC variants. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2025; 44: 297\u2013305. 10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.07.011https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.07.011"},{"issue":"5","key":"B13","series-title":"Infection","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01781-3","article-title":"Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial infections: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"Liu X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Chu Y, Yue H, Huang X, Zhou G. Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial infections: a single-center retrospective study. Infection 2022; 50(5): 1147\u201354. 10.1007\/s15010-022-01781-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01781-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00399-6","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex among patients from different global regions (CRACKLE-2): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Wang M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang M, Earley M, Chen L, Hanson BM, Yu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex among patients from different global regions (CRACKLE-2): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22(3): 401\u201312. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00399-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00399-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00008-23","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health","volume":"36","author":"Ding L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding L, Shen S, Chen J, Tian Z, Shi Q, Han R, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36(4): e00008-23. 10.1128\/cmr.00008-23https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00008-23"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"CLSI M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","unstructured":"CLSI M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. https:\/\/clsi.org\/shop\/standards\/m100\/."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Clinical microbiology procedures handbook","article-title":"Synergism testing: broth microdilution checkerboard and broth macrodilution method","unstructured":"Synergism testing: broth microdilution checkerboard and broth macrodilution method. In Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"B18","series-title":"ACS Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00157","article-title":"Polyamine-mediated sensitization of Klebsiella pneumoniae to macrolides through a dual mode of action","volume":"10","author":"Adams JME","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adams JME, Moulding PB, El-Halfawy OM. Polyamine-mediated sensitization of Klebsiella pneumoniae to macrolides through a dual mode of action. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10(6): 2183\u201395. 10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00157https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00157"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg301","article-title":"Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them","volume":"52","author":"Odds FC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Odds FC. Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52(1): 1. 10.1093\/jac\/dkg301https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg301"},{"issue":"12","key":"B20","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01121-14","article-title":"When does 2 plus 2 equal 5? A review of antimicrobial synergy testing","volume":"52","author":"Doern CD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doern CD. When does 2 plus 2 equal 5? A review of antimicrobial synergy testing. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(12): 4124\u20138. 10.1128\/JCM.01121-14https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01121-14"},{"issue":"5","key":"B21","series-title":"Genome Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.215087.116","article-title":"Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive k-mer weighting and repeat separation","volume":"27","author":"Koren S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koren S, Walenz BP, Berlin K, Miller JR, Bergman NH, Phillippy AM. Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive k-mer weighting and repeat separation. Genome Res 2017; 27(5): 722\u201336. 10.1101\/gr.215087.116https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.215087.116"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45","article-title":"The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000","volume":"28","author":"Bairoch A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bairoch A, Apweiler R. The SWISS-PROT protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28(1): 45\u20138. 10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45"},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33","article-title":"The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution","volume":"28","author":"Tatusov RL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tatusov RL, Galperin MY, Natale DA, Koonin EV. The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28(1): 33\u20136. 10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33"},{"issue":"1","key":"B24","series-title":"Nat Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, et al. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 2000; 25(1): 25\u20139. 10.1038\/75556https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/75556"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"27","author":"Ogata H","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ogata H, Goto S, Sato K, Fujibuchi W, Bono H, Kanehisa M. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27(1): 29\u201334. 10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29"},{"issue":"D1","key":"B26","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239","article-title":"VFDB 2016: hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis\u201410 years on","volume":"44","author":"Chen L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen L, Zheng D, Liu B, Yang J, Jin Q. VFDB 2016: hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis\u201410 years on. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44(D1): D694\u20137. 10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"B27","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D443","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn656","article-title":"ARDB--antibiotic resistance genes database","volume":"37","author":"Liu B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu B, Pop M. ARDB--antibiotic resistance genes database. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37(Database issue): D443\u20137. 10.1093\/nar\/gkn656https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkn656"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"B28","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D233","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn663","article-title":"The carbohydrate-active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics","volume":"37","author":"Cantarel BL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cantarel BL, Coutinho PM, Rancurel C, Bernard T, Lombard V, Henrissat B. The carbohydrate-active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37(Database issue): D233\u20138. 10.1093\/nar\/gkn663https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkn663"},{"issue":"8","key":"B29","series-title":"Microb Genom","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000124","article-title":"Comparison of classical multi-locus sequence typing software for next-generation sequencing data","volume":"3","author":"Page AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Page AJ, Alikhan NF, Carleton HA, Seemann T, Keane JA, Katz LS. Comparison of classical multi-locus sequence typing software for next-generation sequencing data. Microb Genom 2017; 3(8): e000124. 10.1099\/mgen.0.000124https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000124"},{"issue":"W1","key":"B30","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W484","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad326","article-title":"Proksee: in-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes","volume":"51","author":"Grant JR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grant JR, Enns E, Marinier E, Mandal A, Herman EK, Chen CY, et al. Proksee: in-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51(W1): W484\u201392. 10.1093\/nar\/gkad326https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkad326"},{"issue":"10","key":"B31","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1","article-title":"Treatment for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections: recent advances and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Tompkins K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tompkins K, van Duin D. Treatment for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections: recent advances and future directions. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40(10): 2053\u201368. 10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-021-04296-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"B32","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix893","article-title":"Carbapenemase-producing organisms: a global scourge","volume":"66","author":"Bonomo RA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonomo RA, Burd EM, Conly J, Limbago BM, Poirel L, Segre JA, et al. Carbapenemase-producing organisms: a global scourge. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66(8): 1290\u20137. 10.1093\/cid\/cix893https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix893"},{"issue":"10","key":"B33","series-title":"Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.07.006","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance","volume":"49","author":"Edwards F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edwards F, MacGowan A, Macnaughton E. Antibiotic resistance. Medicine 2021; 49(10): 632\u20137. 10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.07.006https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.07.006"},{"issue":"7","key":"B34","series-title":"Microorganisms","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071697","article-title":"Global epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Gram-Negative clinical isolates: a review","volume":"13","author":"Falagas ME","year":"2025","unstructured":"Falagas ME, Asimotou CM, Zidrou M, Kontogiannis DS, Filippou C. Global epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Gram-Negative clinical isolates: a review. Microorganisms 2025; 13(7). 10.3390\/microorganisms13071697https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13071697"},{"issue":"2","key":"B35","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.014","article-title":"Pandemic spread of blaKPC-2 among Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 in China is associated with horizontal transfer mediated by IncFII-like plasmids","volume":"54","author":"Fu P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu P, Tang Y, Li G, Yu L, Wang Y, Jiang X. Pandemic spread of blaKPC-2 among Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 in China is associated with horizontal transfer mediated by IncFII-like plasmids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54(2): 117\u201324. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.014https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.014"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.666030","article-title":"Genetic characterisation of colistin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from North India","volume":"11","author":"Singh S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh S, Pathak A, Rahman M, Singh A, Nag S, Sahu C, et al. Genetic characterisation of colistin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from North India. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11: 666030. 10.3389\/fcimb.2021.666030https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.666030"},{"issue":"3","key":"B37","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.008","article-title":"A multicenter study of the clonal structure and resistance mechanism of KPC-producing Escherichia coli isolates in Israel","volume":"21","author":"Adler A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adler A, Miller-Roll T, Assous MV, Geffen Y, Paikin S, Schwartz D, et al. A multicenter study of the clonal structure and resistance mechanism of KPC-producing Escherichia coli isolates in Israel. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21(3): 230\u20135. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.008"},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1118122","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characteristics of polymyxin-resistant Enterobacterales in a Chinese tertiary teaching hospital","volume":"13","author":"Xiao C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao C, Li X, Huang L, Cao H, Han L, Ni Y, et al. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of polymyxin-resistant Enterobacterales in a Chinese tertiary teaching hospital. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13. 10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1118122https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1118122"},{"issue":"2","key":"B39","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01882-17","article-title":"Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: report from the China CRE network","volume":"62","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yin Y, Chen H, Jin L, Gu B, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: report from the China CRE network. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62(2). 10.1128\/aac.01882-17https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01882-17"},{"issue":"5","key":"B40","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz026","article-title":"Ceftazidime\/avibactam resistance associated with L169P mutation in the omega loop of KPC-2","volume":"74","author":"Hemarajata P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemarajata P, Humphries RM. Ceftazidime\/avibactam resistance associated with L169P mutation in the omega loop of KPC-2. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74(5): 1241\u20133. 10.1093\/jac\/dkz026https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz026"},{"issue":"3","key":"B41","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01714-21","article-title":"Multiple novel ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant variants of blaKPC-2-Positive Klebsiella pneumoniae in two patients","volume":"10","author":"Shi Q","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Q, Han R, Guo Y, Yang Y, Wu S, Ding L, et al. Multiple novel ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant variants of blaKPC-2-Positive Klebsiella pneumoniae in two patients. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10(3): e01714-21. 10.1128\/spectrum.01714-21https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01714-21"},{"key":"B42","series-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009","article-title":"Resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam and underlying mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Wang Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang J, Wang R, Cai Y. Resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam and underlying mechanisms. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22: 18\u201327. 10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.009"},{"issue":"25","key":"B43","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e208","article-title":"Evolution of bla(KPC) under the pressure of carbapenems and ceftazidime\/avibactam in a patient with persistent bacteremia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"39","author":"Won EJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Won EJ, Park K, Jeong YS, Kim J, Choi Y, Kim SH, et al. Evolution of bla(KPC) under the pressure of carbapenems and ceftazidime\/avibactam in a patient with persistent bacteremia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39(25): e208. 10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e208https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e208"},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S371285","article-title":"Diversity of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance mechanism in KPC2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae under antibiotic selection pressure","volume":"15","author":"Jiang M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang M, Sun B, Huang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Ren Y, et al. Diversity of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance mechanism in KPC2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae under antibiotic selection pressure. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15: 4627\u201336. 10.2147\/IDR.S371285https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S371285"},{"issue":"6","key":"B45","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000491","article-title":"Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in Gram-negative infections","volume":"31","author":"De Waele JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Waele JJ, Martin-Loeches I. Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in Gram-negative infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 31(6): 606\u201311. 10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000491https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000491"},{"issue":"1","key":"B46","series-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00743-x","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam treatment dilemma of blaKPC\u22122-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae due to the development of co-existence of mixed strains carrying blaKPC\u22122 or blaKPC\u221233 in lung transplant recipients","volume":"23","author":"Lei Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zeng L, Wu Y, Zhang F, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam treatment dilemma of blaKPC\u22122-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae due to the development of co-existence of mixed strains carrying blaKPC\u22122 or blaKPC\u221233 in lung transplant recipients. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials 2024; 23(1): 99. 10.1186\/s12941-024-00743-xhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-024-00743-x"},{"issue":"10","key":"B47","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00574-21","article-title":"Evolutionary trajectories toward ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates","volume":"65","author":"Carattoli A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carattoli A, Arcari G, Bibbolino G, Sacco F, Tomolillo D, Lella FMD, et al. Evolutionary trajectories toward ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65(10). 10.1128\/aac.00574-21https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00574-21"},{"issue":"9","key":"B48","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.9.2485-2491.2000","article-title":"Concentration-dependent selection of small phenotypic differences in TEM \u03b2-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance","volume":"44","author":"Negri M-C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Negri M-C, Lipsitch M, Bl\u00e1zquez J, Levin BR, Baquero F. Concentration-dependent selection of small phenotypic differences in TEM \u03b2-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44(9): 2485\u201391. 10.1128\/aac.44.9.2485-2491.2000https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.44.9.2485-2491.2000"},{"issue":"12","key":"B49","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5081-5091.2005","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic model to describe the concentration-dependent selection of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"49","author":"Olofsson SK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olofsson SK, Geli P, Andersson DI, Cars O. Pharmacodynamic model to describe the concentration-dependent selection of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49(12): 5081\u201391. 10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5081-5091.2005https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5081-5091.2005"},{"key":"B50","series-title":"bioRxiv","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.25.595866","article-title":"Evolutionary trajectories of resistant mutants during sub-MIC antibiotic exposure","author":"Warsi OM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Warsi OM. Evolutionary trajectories of resistant mutants during sub-MIC antibiotic exposure. bioRxiv 2024; 2024.05.25.595866. 10.1101\/2024.05.25.595866https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.25.595866"},{"issue":"1","key":"B51","series-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2356146","article-title":"In vitro mimicry of in vivo KPC mutations by ceftazidime-avibactam: phenotypes, mechanisms, genetic structure and kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen S, Tang C, Yang W, Ding L, Han R, Shi Q, et al. In vitro mimicry of in vivo KPC mutations by ceftazidime-avibactam: phenotypes, mechanisms, genetic structure and kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13(1): 2356146. 10.1080\/22221751.2024.2356146https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2024.2356146"},{"issue":"8","key":"B52","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00258-24","article-title":"A large-scale surveillance revealed that KPC variants mediated ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"12","author":"Qiao S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao S, Xin S, Zhu Y, Zhao F, Wu H, Zhang J, et al. A large-scale surveillance revealed that KPC variants mediated ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12(8): e00258-24. 10.1128\/spectrum.00258-24https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00258-24"},{"issue":"8","key":"B53","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv094","article-title":"Activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli containing KPC and SHV \u03b2-lactamases with single amino acid substitutions in the \u03a9-loop","volume":"70","author":"Winkler ML","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winkler ML, Papp-Wallace KM, Bonomo RA. Activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli containing KPC and SHV \u03b2-lactamases with single amino acid substitutions in the \u03a9-loop. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70(8): 2279\u201386. 10.1093\/jac\/dkv094https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkv094"},{"issue":"8","key":"B54","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04198-2","article-title":"KPC-12 with a L169M substitution in the Omega loop has reduced carbapenemase activity","volume":"40","author":"Qin J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin J, Feng Y, Lu X, Zong Z. KPC-12 with a L169M substitution in the Omega loop has reduced carbapenemase activity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40(8): 1761\u20136. 10.1007\/s10096-021-04198-2https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-021-04198-2"},{"key":"B55","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S465699","article-title":"Characteristic of KPC-12, a KPC variant conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam in the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11-KL47 clone background","volume":"17","author":"Han W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han W, Zhou P, Chen C, Wu C, Shen L, Wan C, et al. Characteristic of KPC-12, a KPC variant conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam in the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11-KL47 clone background. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17: 2541\u201354. 10.2147\/IDR.S465699https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S465699"},{"key":"B56","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024. 10.1093\/cid\/ciae403https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae403"},{"issue":"5","key":"B57","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050604","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with imipenem as salvage therapy for ST11 KPC-33-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"11","author":"Ding L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding L, Shen S, Han R, Yin D, Guo Y, Hu F. Ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with imipenem as salvage therapy for ST11 KPC-33-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11(5). 10.3390\/antibiotics11050604https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050604"},{"issue":"1","key":"B58","series-title":"Nat Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52100-3","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of a phosphotransferase system glucose transporter","volume":"15","author":"Roth P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roth P, Jeckelmann J-M, Fender I, Ucurum Z, Lemmin T, Fotiadis D. Structure and mechanism of a phosphotransferase system glucose transporter. Nat Commun 2024; 15(1): 7992. 10.1038\/s41467-024-52100-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-52100-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"B59","series-title":"Mol Gen Genet MGG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298968","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent l-sorbose: phosphotransferase system from Klebsiella pneumoniae and of its multidomain structure","volume":"246","author":"Wehmeier UF","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wehmeier UF, W\u00f6hrl BM, Lengeler JW. Molecular analysis of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent l-sorbose: phosphotransferase system from Klebsiella pneumoniae and of its multidomain structure. Mol Gen Genet MGG 1995; 246(5): 610\u20138. 10.1007\/BF00298968https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00298968"},{"issue":"4","key":"B60","series-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.17.4.16","article-title":"Molecular detection of key virulence-associated genes and phenotypic analysis of virulence traits of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Tiria F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tiria F, Odoyo E, Georges M, Nyerere A, Musila L. Molecular detection of key virulence-associated genes and phenotypic analysis of virulence traits of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Kenya. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2023; 17(4): 2194\u2013204. 10.22207\/jpam.17.4.16https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/jpam.17.4.16"},{"key":"B61","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818","article-title":"Different regulatory mechanisms of the capsule in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumonia: \u201cdirect\u201d wcaJ variation vs. \u201cindirect\u201d rmpA regulation","author":"Wang W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang W, Tian D, Hu D, Chen W, Zhou Y, Jiang X. Different regulatory mechanisms of the capsule in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumonia: \u201cdirect\u201d wcaJ variation vs. \u201cindirect\u201d rmpA regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13-2023. 10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1108818"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Analysis of changes in genes that lead to antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae 43816","author":"Anderson JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson JR. Analysis of changes in genes that lead to antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae 43816; 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.unf.edu\/etd\/994."},{"issue":"1","key":"B63","series-title":"NPJ Microgravity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00489-6","article-title":"Phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in Klebsiella pneumoniae after long term exposure to simulated microgravity","volume":"11","author":"Wang X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Chai Z, Liu W, Jia T, Yang Z, Zhang F, et al. Phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in Klebsiella pneumoniae after long term exposure to simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2025; 11(1): 35. 10.1038\/s41526-025-00489-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41526-025-00489-6"}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/73\/1\/article-p45.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/73\/1\/article-p45.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/73\/1\/article-p45.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:13:04Z","timestamp":1772716384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/73\/1\/article-p45.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2026.02845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1217-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}}}