{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:27:29Z","timestamp":1772720849741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMICR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diarrhea is one of the leading infectious diseases, causing the greatest health burden in most developing countries, with\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated diarrhea being the primary cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. Given the demonstrated mortality associated with diarrhea and its consequences and the significant association between\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and diarrhea, this study aimed to investigate the ribotype distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from patients with diarrhea in Ahvaz, Iran. From May to November of 2025, 50 patients with diarrhea were admitted to the hospital. The\n                    <jats:italic>tpi<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was amplified by the PCR method to detect\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. The other method was a real-time PCR to identify\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from stool samples. The two diagnostic methods applied in this study were comparable. PCR was used to investigate the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxin genes. Among the 12 positive isolates, the\n                    <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was detected in 6\/12 (50%) of the isolates. Additionally, 6\/12 (50%) of the isolates was detected the\n                    <jats:italic>tcdB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. 1\/12\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate was resistant to vancomycin, but all isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and fidaxomicin. Ribotype 001 was the most dominant (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4, 33.3%), with ribotype 126 representing the second most common at 25% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3). Ribotype 070 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2, 16.7%), 084 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2, 16.7%), and 078 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1, 8.3%) were detected at lower frequencies. The detection of toxin-producing genes in some isolates is also an indication of the bacterium's significant virulence potential. The findings indicated the need for ongoing surveillance of\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the antibiotic resistance characteristics in hospital settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2026.02870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T13:22:15Z","timestamp":1772457735000},"page":"86-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ribotype distribution of Clostridioides difficile isolated from patients with diarrhea in Ahvaz, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5410-2561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hashemzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobra Kiarasi","family":"Behdarvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Effat Abbasi","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra Farshad","family":"Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roohangiz","family":"Nashibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"CMI Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmicom.2025.105079","article-title":"Approach to Clostridioides difficile diarrheal infection","author":"Louren\u00e7o LC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o LC, Prosty C, Huttner A, Lee TC, McDonald EG. 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