{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:02:52Z","timestamp":1780077772117,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMICR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species can cause serious infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals, though it can also affect immunocompetent patients. Bacteremia due to this organism is always clinically significant\u00a0and is associated with high mortality rates. We reviewed all cases of\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteremia published in medical literature since 2019. A total of 28 studies providing data for 29 patients were included. Among all patients, 69% were male; the median age was 60 years. Overall, 23 (79.3%) patients were immunosuppressed [immunosuppressive treatment (73.9%), malignancies (34.8%), transplantation (26.1%), and autoimmune diseases (26.1%)]. Pulmonary involvement was the most frequent concomitant site of infection. Fever, cough, dyspnea, shortness of breath, and fatigue were the most commonly encountered symptoms. Seven patients (24.1%) had concurrent infections at the time of\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteremia. Most isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).\n                    <jats:italic>N. farcinica<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most commonly identified species (44.8%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>N. cyricigeorgica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (25%), and\n                    <jats:italic>N. nova<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10.3%). High rates of resistance were observed for amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin (57.1% for each), clindamycin (42.9%), cefotaxime (21.4%) and imipenem (21.4%). All 14 isolates tested for trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (TMP\/SMX) and linezolid were susceptible. The median total duration of treatment was 7.2 months. TMP\/SMX was used in 78.6% of patients, carbapenems in 60.7% and linezolid in 35.7%. Mortality rate was significant (34.5%).\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteremia is a rare but serious disseminated form of nocardiosis. Early diagnosis and prompt aggressive treatment, typically with a combination of antibiotics and long-term\u00a0therapy are crucial for improving outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2026.02898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:47:57Z","timestamp":1775130477000},"page":"131-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nocardia bacteremia: A seven-year retrospective analysis of reported cases"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-1732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia","family":"Maraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, PC 71110, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria Eirini","family":"Mavromanolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, PC 11527, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Iliaki-Giannakoudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, PC 71110, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kasimati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, PC 71110, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"259","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy","volume":"19","author":"Brown-Elliott BA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ Jr. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. 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Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38: 124\u20137."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"IDCases","article-title":"First case of fatal bacteremia due to Nocardia neocaledoniensis","volume":"22","author":"Regueme A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Regueme A, Vachee A, Duployez C, Petit AE, Coulon P, Wallet F, et\u00a0al. First case of fatal bacteremia due to Nocardia neocaledoniensis. IDCases 2020; 22: e00934."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","first-page":"E396","article-title":"Disseminated nocardiosis with adrenal abscess masquerading as metastatic adrenal cancer in an immunocompetent adult","volume":"91","author":"Langmaid T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langmaid T, Jassal K, Meher-Homji Z, Lee JC, Serpell J, Yeung M, et\u00a0al. Disseminated nocardiosis with adrenal abscess masquerading as metastatic adrenal cancer in an immunocompetent adult. 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World J Clin Cases 2023; 11: 1634\u201341."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)","first-page":"738","article-title":"Disseminated Nocardia farcinica infection associated with bacteraemia and osteomyelitis pubis in an elderly patient","volume":"55","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Vecilla D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez Vecilla D, Roche Matheus MP, Urrutikoetxea Guti\u00e9rrez MJ, Calvo Muro FE, Aspichueta Vivanco C, L\u00f3pez Azkarreta I, et\u00a0al. Disseminated Nocardia farcinica infection associated with bacteraemia and osteomyelitis pubis in an elderly patient. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55: 738\u201343."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"New Microbiol","first-page":"68","article-title":"Nocardia infections in Italy: from a local to a national view","volume":"46","author":"Cordioli G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cordioli G, Di Pietra G, Asa'ad S, Meneghello S, Del Vecchio C, De Canale E, et\u00a0al. Nocardia infections in Italy: from a local to a national view. New Microbiol 2023; 46: 68\u201374."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"J Infect Chemother","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Successful maintenance treatment of disseminated nocardiosis with cerebral abscess in a severely immunocompromised patient allergic to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole using moxifloxacin and high-dose minocycline: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Yamamoto H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yamamoto H, Kuroda H, Hiramoto N, Hasuike T, Doi A, Nishioka H. Successful maintenance treatment of disseminated nocardiosis with cerebral abscess in a severely immunocompromised patient allergic to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole using moxifloxacin and high-dose minocycline: a case report. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30: 1319\u201323."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Intern Med","first-page":"623","article-title":"Nocardia bacteremia associated with a prosthetic vascular graft infection","volume":"63","author":"Suda T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suda T, Fujii H. 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