{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:56:40Z","timestamp":1791381400765,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMICR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are prone to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, but the pathogen spectrum and clinical impact remain unclear. This study provides comprehensive microbiological characterization of pathogen spectrum, molecular resistance mechanisms, and prognostic significance of LRTI during ICI treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC. A single-center retrospective cohort design was adopted, and 903 patients with advanced NSCLC who first received PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor treatment between January 1, 2019 and November 30, 2023 were included. Molecular characterization of resistant isolates was performed using PCR and sequencing for ESBL genes (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), carbapenemase genes (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>IMP<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA-23<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for clonality analysis. Competing risk models estimated cumulative incidence of first LRTI; time-dependent Cox models evaluated associations with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Among 903 patients, 176 (19.49%) developed LRTI during ICI treatment. Among 243 infection episodes, any phenotypic resistance was identified in 31 episodes (12.76%). Of 24 available resistant isolates, molecular characterization revealed\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    as the predominant ESBL determinant (87.5%),\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    in CRE,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>IMP-4<\/jats:sub>\n                    in CRPA, and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA-23<\/jats:sub>\n                    in CRAB. MLST identified high-risk clones:\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST11 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3) and ST15 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2),\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST131 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2),\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST235 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3),\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST2 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6), and MRSA ST239 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2). Older age, male sex, higher ECOG score, stage IV disease, COPD, ILD, baseline corticosteroid exposure, and higher NLR were associated with increased infection risk (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). First LRTI was independently associated with worse OS (HR = 1.78) and PFS (HR = 1.41). Fungal infection (HR = 2.48), mixed infection (HR = 2.34), resistance-associated infection (HR = 2.61), and severe infection (HR = 2.96) indicated worst prognosis. LRTI during ICI treatment in advanced NSCLC carries substantial burden and is associated with poor prognosis. Molecular characterization reveals that resistant infections are driven by established epidemic clones (ST2 CRAB, ST11 CRKP, ST235 CRPA, ST131 ESBL-EC), highlighting the need for enhanced infection control and targeted antimicrobial strategies in this vulnerable population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2026.02970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:44:05Z","timestamp":1781621045000},"page":"348-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular epidemiology and prognostic impact of lower respiratory tract infections during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in\u00a0advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A\u00a0retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou City, 324000, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou City, 324000, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Genes Dis","first-page":"960","article-title":"Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): implications on molecular pathology and advances in early diagnostics and therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Padinharayil H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Padinharayil H, Varghese J, John MC, Rajanikant GK, Wilson CM, Al-Yozbaki M, et\u00a0al. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): implications on molecular pathology and advances in early diagnostics and therapeutics. Genes Dis 2023; 10(3): 960\u201389."},{"issue":"21","key":"B2","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"2339","article-title":"Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score >\/= 50","volume":"39","author":"Reck M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, et\u00a0al. Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score >\/= 50. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39(21): 2339\u201349."},{"issue":"19","key":"B3","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","article-title":"Prognostic factors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Rocco D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rocco D, Della Gravara L, Ragone A, Sapio L, Naviglio S, Gridelli C. Prognostic factors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15(19)."},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","series-title":"Clin Lung Cancer","first-page":"613","article-title":"Infectious complications in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Guo MZ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo MZ, Balaji A, Murray JC, Reuss JE, Steinke SM, Bennett K, et\u00a0al. Infectious complications in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Lung Cancer 2023; 24(7): 613\u201320."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer-associated obstructive pneumonia and lung abscess: synergistic strategies for infection control and antitumor therapy","volume":"15","author":"Cao P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao P, Chen L, Xie S, Hu B. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer-associated obstructive pneumonia and lung abscess: synergistic strategies for infection control and antitumor therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 15: 1638997."},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","article-title":"Impact of infections in patients receiving pembrolizumab-based therapies for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Burns EA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burns EA, Gee K, Kieser RB, Xu J, Zhang Y, Crenshaw A, et\u00a0al. Impact of infections in patients receiving pembrolizumab-based therapies for non-small cell lung cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15(1)."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Cancer Med","first-page":"21","article-title":"Infectious complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid organ malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Ross JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ross JA, Komoda K, Pal S, Dickter J, Salgia R, Dadwal S. Infectious complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid organ malignancies. Cancer Med 2022; 11(1): 21\u20137."},{"issue":"23","key":"B8","series-title":"Cancer Med","first-page":"9027","article-title":"Characteristics and risk factors for microbial infections during cancer immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"9","author":"Kanjanapan Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanjanapan Y, Yip D. Characteristics and risk factors for microbial infections during cancer immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Med 2020; 9(23): 9027\u201335."},{"issue":"5","key":"B9","series-title":"Target Oncol","first-page":"553","article-title":"Risk of infection with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Petrelli F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrelli F, Morelli AM, Luciani A, Ghidini A, Solinas C. Risk of infection with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Target Oncol 2021; 16(5): 553\u201368."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Cancer Treat Rev","article-title":"Analysis of the association between prospectively collected immune-related adverse events and survival in patients with solid tumor treated with immune-checkpoint blockers, taking into account immortal-time bias","volume":"110","author":"Kfoury M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kfoury M, Najean M, Lappara A, Voisin AL, Champiat S, Michot JM, et\u00a0al. Analysis of the association between prospectively collected immune-related adverse events and survival in patients with solid tumor treated with immune-checkpoint blockers, taking into account immortal-time bias. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 110: 102452."},{"issue":"7","key":"B11","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"e45","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American thoracic society and infectious diseases society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay JP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et\u00a0al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American thoracic society and infectious diseases society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200(7): e45\u2013e67."},{"issue":"6","key":"B12","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"615","article-title":"ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"49","author":"Martin-Loeches I","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Nagavci B, Aliberti S, Antonelli M, Bassetti M, et\u00a0al. ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49(6): 615\u201332."},{"issue":"11","key":"B13","series-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)","article-title":"Duration of antimicrobial treatment in adult patients with pneumonia: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Dimopoulou D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dimopoulou D, Moschopoulos CD, Dimopoulou K, Dimopoulou A, Berikopoulou MM, Andrianakis I, et\u00a0al. Duration of antimicrobial treatment in adult patients with pneumonia: a narrative review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13(11)."},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"BMC Pulm Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"Clinical implications of bronchoscopy for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Nishiyama O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishiyama O, Shimizu S, Haratani K, Isomoto K, Tanizaki J, Hayashi H, et\u00a0al. Clinical implications of bronchoscopy for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21(1): 155."},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"499","article-title":"Sputum gram stain for bacterial pathogen diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and yield","volume":"71","author":"Ogawa H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogawa H, Kitsios GD, Iwata M, Terasawa T. Sputum gram stain for bacterial pathogen diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and yield. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(3): 499\u2013513."},{"issue":"15","key":"B16","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","first-page":"357","article-title":"Postobstructive pneumonia in lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Valvani A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valvani A, Martin A, Devarajan A, Chandy D. Postobstructive pneumonia in lung cancer. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7(15): 357."},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Discov Oncol","first-page":"1551","article-title":"AKR1B10 as a novel prognostic biomarker linking methylation and immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Khan MN","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khan MN, Binli M, Juan H, Mengjia S, Shunyao W, Li X. AKR1B10 as a novel prognostic biomarker linking methylation and immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma. Discov Oncol 2025; 16(1): 1551."},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"154","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding CTX-M extended-spectrum (beta)-lactamases","volume":"57","author":"Woodford N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woodford N, Fagan EJ, Ellington MJ. Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding CTX-M extended-spectrum (beta)-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57(1): 154\u20135."},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"490","article-title":"Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae","volume":"65","author":"Dallenne C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dallenne C, Da Costa A, Decre D, Favier C, Arlet G. Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65(3): 490\u20135."},{"issue":"1","key":"B20","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"119","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes","volume":"70","author":"Poirel L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poirel L, Walsh TR, Cuvillier V, Nordmann P. Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70(1): 119\u201323."},{"issue":"10","key":"B21","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2240","article-title":"Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"29","author":"Murakami K","year":"1991","unstructured":"Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, Nakamura E, Teraoka H, Watanabe S. Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29(10): 2240\u20134."},{"issue":"8","key":"B22","series-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol","first-page":"4178","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates","volume":"43","author":"Diancourt L","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diancourt L, Passet V, Verhoef J, Grimont PA, Brisse S. Multilocus sequence typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates. J\u00a0Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(8): 4178\u201382."},{"issue":"5","key":"B23","series-title":"Mol Microbiol","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"60","author":"Wirth T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wirth T, Falush D, Lan R, Colles F, Mensa P, Wieler LH, et\u00a0al. Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60(5): 1136\u201351."},{"issue":"12","key":"B24","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5644","article-title":"Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"42","author":"Curran B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Curran B, Jonas D, Grundmann H, Pitt T, Dowson CG. Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(12): 5644\u20139."},{"issue":"4","key":"B25","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"The population structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: expanding multiresistant clones from an ancestral susceptible genetic pool","volume":"5","author":"Diancourt L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diancourt L, Passet V, Nemec A, Dijkshoorn L, Brisse S. The population structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: expanding multiresistant clones from an ancestral susceptible genetic pool. PLoS One 2010; 5(4): e10034."},{"issue":"12","key":"B26","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5442","article-title":"Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management","volume":"41","author":"Harmsen D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harmsen D, Claus H, Witte W, Rothganger J, Claus H, Turnwald D, et\u00a0al. Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41(12): 5442\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"B27","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright MC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(3): 1008\u201315."},{"issue":"12","key":"B28","series-title":"Life (Basel)","article-title":"Risk factors for infections, antibiotic therapy, and its impact on cancer therapy outcomes for patients with solid tumors","volume":"11","author":"Kubecek O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubecek O, Paterova P, Novosadova M. Risk factors for infections, antibiotic therapy, and its impact on cancer therapy outcomes for patients with solid tumors. Life (Basel) 2021; 11(12)."},{"issue":"7","key":"B29","series-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)","article-title":"Breaking boundaries in pneumonia diagnostics: transitioning from tradition to molecular frontiers with Multiplex PCR","volume":"14","author":"Walker AM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walker AM, Timbrook TT, Hommel B, Prinzi AM. Breaking boundaries in pneumonia diagnostics: transitioning from tradition to molecular frontiers with Multiplex PCR. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14(7)."},{"issue":"8","key":"B30","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as prognostic markers for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Platini H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Platini H, Ferdinand E, Kohar K, Prayogo SA, Amirah S, Komariah M, et\u00a0al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as prognostic markers for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58(8)."},{"issue":"7","key":"B31","series-title":"Cancer Res Commun","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Impact of glucocorticoids on immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and circulating biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"5","author":"Polyakov L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Polyakov L, Lim A, Meyer A, Mades A, Ni J, Cooper R, et\u00a0al. Impact of glucocorticoids on immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and circulating biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Res Commun 2025; 5(7): 1082\u201394."},{"issue":"3","key":"B32","series-title":"Scand J Immunol","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of infections in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies: a monocentric retrospective cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Bavaro DF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bavaro DF, Diella L, Pizzutilo P, Catino A, Signorile F, Pesola F, et\u00a0al. Incidence and predictors of infections in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies: a monocentric retrospective cohort study. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98(3): e13303."},{"issue":"1","key":"B33","series-title":"BMC Cancer","first-page":"307","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of serious infections occurred in patients with lung cancer following immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"25","author":"Wang X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Wu YX, Hu WP, Zhang J. Incidence and risk factors of serious infections occurred in patients with lung cancer following immune checkpoint blockade therapy. BMC Cancer 2025; 25(1): 307."},{"issue":"4","key":"B34","series-title":"J Immunother","first-page":"139","article-title":"Infection-related hospitalizations during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment without immunosuppressants","volume":"47","author":"Jeung YS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jeung YS, Chun JY, Choi BK, Park SY, Lim HJ, Park JW, et\u00a0al. Infection-related hospitalizations during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment without immunosuppressants. J Immunother 2024; 47(4): 139\u201347."},{"key":"B35","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","article-title":"Recent advances in fungal infections: from lung ecology to therapeutic strategies with a focus on aspergillus spp","volume":"9","author":"Palmieri F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmieri F, Koutsokera A, Bernasconi E, Junier P, von Garnier C, Ubags N. Recent advances in fungal infections: from lung ecology to therapeutic strategies with a focus on aspergillus spp. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 832510."},{"issue":"9","key":"B36","series-title":"Thorac Cancer","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Worse lung cancer outcome in patients with lower respiratory tract infection confirmed at time of diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Nagy A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagy A, Muller V, Kolonics-Farkas AM, Eszes N, Vincze K, Horvath G. Worse lung cancer outcome in patients with lower respiratory tract infection confirmed at time of diagnosis. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10(9): 1819\u201326."},{"issue":"1","key":"B37","series-title":"BMC Pulm Med","first-page":"402","article-title":"Pathogen distribution in pulmonary infection in Chinese patients with lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wang Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li J, Wu Q, Chang Q, Guo S. Pathogen distribution in pulmonary infection in Chinese patients with lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23(1): 402."},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Front Immunol","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages and CD8+ T cells: dual players in the pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC","volume":"15","author":"Khan MN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan MN, Mao B, Hu J, Shi M, Wang S, Rehman AU, et\u00a0al. Tumor-associated macrophages and CD8+ T cells: dual players in the pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC. Front Immunol 2024; 15: 1472430."}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/73\/3\/article-p348.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/73\/3\/article-p348.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/73\/3\/article-p348.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:25:09Z","timestamp":1791379509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/73\/3\/article-p348.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2026.02970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1217-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}}}