{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:57:03Z","timestamp":1777341423639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nosocomial legionellosis is a growing concern worldwide. In Hungary, about 20% of the reported cases are health-care associated, but in the absence of legal regulation, environmental monitoring of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> is not routinely performed in hospitals. In the present study, 23 hospitals were investigated. The hot water distribution system was colonized by <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> in over 90%; counts generally exceeded the public health limit value. Hot water temperature was critically low in all systems (&lt;45 \u00b0C), and large differences (3\u201338 \u00b0C temperature drop) were observed within buildings, indicating insufficient circulation. Most facilities were older than 30 years (77%); however, new systems (n = 3) were also shown to be rapidly colonized at low hot water temperature. Vulnerable source of drinking water, complex distribution system, and large volume hot water storage increased the risk of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> prevalence (OR = 28.0, 27.3, 27.7, respectively). Risk management interventions (including thermal or chemical disinfection) were only efficient if the system operation was optimized. Though the risk factors were similar, in those hospitals where nosocomial legionellosis was reported, <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> counts and the proportion of <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> sg 1 isolates were significantly higher. The results of environmental prevalence of legionellae in hospitals suggest that the incidence of nosocomial legionellosis is likely to be underreported. The observed colonization rates call for the introduction of a mandatory environmental monitoring scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.62.2015.4.11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T18:51:06Z","timestamp":1450723866000},"page":"477-499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Legionella prevalence and risk of legionellosis in Hungarian hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Barna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, Directoriate of Environmental Health, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2\u20136, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"K\u00e1d\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, Directoriate of Environmental Health, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2\u20136, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emese","family":"K\u00e1lm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, Directoriate of Environmental Health, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2\u20136, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"R\u00f3ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, Directoriate of Environmental Health, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2\u20136, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita Sch.","family":"Szax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, Directoriate of Environmental Health, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2\u20136, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Vargha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, Directoriate of Environmental Health, Albert Fl\u00f3ri\u00e1n \u00fat 2\u20136, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/62\/4\/article-p477.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/62\/4\/article-p477.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T11:51:39Z","timestamp":1614599499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/62\/4\/article-p477.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.62.2015.4.11","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1217-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}}}