{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:32:25Z","timestamp":1789882345032,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n          <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> positivity was assessed among 656 symptomatic children in 2010\u20132017. Overall infection prevalence was 24.5% and a significantly higher rate was detected in girls (28.5%) compared to boys (20.0%). Moreover, in children with duodenal ulcer, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> prevalence was higher (47.4%) compared with the rest (23.9%). On the contrary, the infection was detected 1.9-fold less frequently in patients with GERD (14.5%) compared with the other (27.0%) patients and 2.1-fold less often in the presence of duodenogastric reflux (bile) reflux (13.0%) compared with the absence of the reflux (27.0%). No significant difference was observed between the younger (aged \u22647 years, 20.0%) and the older (aged 8\u201318 years, 25.5%) patients. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection rate in Bulgarian pediatric patients between 2010 and 2017 was 2.5-fold lower than that in 1996\u20132006. In conclusion, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection is still an important concern for Bulgarian children, although having decreased by about 1.8%\/yearly over 21 years. This study reveals the importance of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> diagnostics even in the youngest symptomatic children and demonstrates an inverse association between either GERD or bile reflux and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.65.2018.053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T10:15:38Z","timestamp":1545819338000},"page":"255-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori is still high among symptomatic Bulgarian children"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Boyanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petyo","family":"Hadzhiyski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Specialized Hospital for Active Pediatric Treatment, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumyana","family":"Markovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penka","family":"Yaneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Specialized Hospital for Active Pediatric Treatment, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Yordanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Gergova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Mitov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13724","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori serology testing is a useful diagnostic screening tool for symptomatic inner city children","volume":"106","author":"Raj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60678-1_18","article-title":"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Helicobacter 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