{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:53:13Z","timestamp":1783104793441,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, microbiota-associated neurodegenerative diseases have been exploited and provided new insight into disease pathogenesis. However, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), known as a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting from retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve damage, can cause irreversible blindness and visual field loss. POAG, which shares several similarities with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), has limited studies and slow progression in the understanding of pathogenesis when compared to PD and AD. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of POAG and commensal microbiota, combined with several lines of evidence in PD and AD to propose a possible hypothesis for POAG pathogenesis: microorganisms cause glaucoma via gut\u2013retina axis, resulting in autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells that lead to autoimmunity. Furthermore, dual-hit hypothesis, an example of a commensal pathogen that causes PD, was partially exported in POAG. Finally, future perspectives are suggested to expand understanding of POAG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.66.2019.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T14:30:40Z","timestamp":1575297040000},"page":"541-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Microbial dysbiosis and microbiota\u2013gut\u2013retina axis: The lesson from brain neurodegenerative diseases to primary open-angle glaucoma pathogenesis of autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Narttaya","family":"Chaiwiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Faculty of Optometry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teera","family":"Poyomtip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Faculty of Optometry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 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