{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:05:32Z","timestamp":1791299132337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme borreliosis, caused by the spirochete <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic>, has grown into a major public health problem. We recently identified a novel morphological form of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, called biofilm, a structure that is well known to be highly resistant to antibiotics. However, there is no evidence of the existence of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> biofilm <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>; therefore, the main goal of this study was to determine the presence of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> biofilm in infected human skin tissues. Archived skin biopsy tissues from borrelial lymphocytomas (BL) were reexamined for the presence of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic> using <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-specific immunohistochemical staining (IHC), fluorescent <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization, combined fluorescent <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization (FISH)\u2013IHC, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fluorescent and atomic force microscopy methods. Our morphological and histological analyses showed that significant amounts of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-positive spirochetes and aggregates exist in the BL tissues. Analyzing structures positive for <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> showed that aggregates, but not spirochetes, expressed biofilm markers such as protective layers of different mucopolysaccharides, especially alginate. Atomic force microscopy revealed additional hallmark biofilm features of the <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\/alginate-positive aggregates such as inside channels and surface protrusions. In summary, this is the first study that demonstrates the presence of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> biofilm in human infected skin tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2015.00049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T10:11:44Z","timestamp":1455012704000},"page":"9-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Evidence of in vivo existence of Borrelia biofilm in borrelial lymphocytomas"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Sapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Poruri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. S.","family":"Maghsoudlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"Socarras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. V.","family":"Timmaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. R.","family":"Filush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A. S.","family":"Theophilus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. F.","family":"Luecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Zelger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","container-title":["European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/6\/1\/article-p9.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/6\/1\/article-p9.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/6\/1\/article-p9.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T16:33:02Z","timestamp":1704299582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/6\/1\/article-p9.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2015.00049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-509X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-509X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}}}