{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:42:28Z","timestamp":1756384948730},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Within 1 week following high-dose <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, mice develop lethal necrotizing ileitis. However, data from a subacute <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-induced ileitis model are scarce. Therefore, mice harboring a human gut microbiota were perorally infected with one cyst of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. Within 9 days post-infection, the intestinal microbiota composition shifted towards higher loads of commensal enterobacteria and enterococci. Following <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, mice were clinically only mildly affected, whereas \u224860% of mice displayed fecal blood and mild-to-moderate ileal histopathological changes. Intestinal inflammation was further characterized by increased apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells, which were accompanied by elevated proliferating gut epithelial cell numbers. As compared to naive controls, infected mice displayed elevated numbers of intestinal T lymphocytes and regulatory T-cells and increased pro-inflammatory mediator secretion. Remarkably, <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-induced apoptotic and pro-inflammatory immune responses were not restricted to the gut, but could also be observed in extra-intestinal compartments including kidney, liver, and lung. Strikingly, low-dose <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection resulted in increased serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the here presented subacute ileitis model following peroral low-dose <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection of humanized mice allows for detailed investigations of the molecular mechanism underlying the \u201cm\u00e9nage \u00e0 trois\u201d of pathogens, human gut microbiota, and immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2018.00005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T04:17:44Z","timestamp":1523938664000},"page":"53-61","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Peroral low-dose Toxoplasma gondii infection of human microbiota-associated mice \u2014 a subacute ileitis model to unravel pathogen\u2013host interactions"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Markus M.","family":"Heimesaat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2014 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Escher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2014 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Grunau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2014 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Fiebiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2014 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bereswill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2014 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Immunol.","first-page":"3031","article-title":"Genetic regulation of early survival and cyst number after peroral Toxoplasma gondii infection of A x B\/B x A recombinant inbred and B10 congenic mice","volume":"143","author":"McLeod, R","year":"1989","unstructured":"McLeod, R\n            \n              Skamene, E\n            \n              Brown, CR\n            \n              Eisenhauer, PB\n            \n              Mack, DG\n          . 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