{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:31:22Z","timestamp":1790418682609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Our research group has recently shown that <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, the Lyme disease bacterium, is capable of forming biofilms in <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-infected human skin lesions called <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> lymphocytoma (BL). Biofilm structures often contain multiple organisms in a symbiotic relationship, with the goal of providing shelter from environmental stressors such as antimicrobial agents. Because multiple co-infections are common in Lyme disease, the main questions of this study were whether BL tissues contained other pathogenic species and\/or whether there is any co-existence with <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Recent reports suggested <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>-like organisms in ticks and <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-infected human skin tissues; therefore, <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed in <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>-positive BL tissues. Analyses of the sequence of the positive PCR bands revealed that <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> spp. DNAs are indeed present in these tissues, and their sequences have the best identity match to <jats:italic>Chlamydophila pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. Fluorescent immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods demonstrated the presence of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> antigen and DNA in 84% of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Confocal microscopy revealed that <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> locates in the center of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> biofilms, and together, they form a well-organized mixed pathogenic structure. In summary, our study is the first to show <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> mixed biofilms in infected human skin tissues, which raises the question<jats:strike>s<\/jats:strike> of whether these human pathogens have developed a symbiotic relationship for their mutual survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T17:51:14Z","timestamp":1555005074000},"page":"46-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Borrelia and Chlamydia can form mixed biofilms in infected human skin tissues"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Sapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Wawrzeniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Filush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Melillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Zelger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer\n              W","year":"1982","unstructured":"Burgdorfer\n              W\n            , BarbourAG, HayesSF, BenachJL, GrunwaldtE, DavisJP. 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