{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T11:33:36Z","timestamp":1789817616576,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic sinusitis caused by anaerobes is a particular concern clinically, because many of the complications are associated with infections caused by these organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of anaerobic bacteria in chronic sinusitis in adults as a part of a prospective microbiological study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a one-year period, aspirations of maxillary sinus secretions and\/or ethmoid cavities were derived in\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 79 adult patients with chronic sinusitis by endoscopy in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Hungary. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the total cultivable aerobic and anaerobic bacterial and fungal flora cultured on the samples were compared. Correct anaerobic species level identifications were carried out according to standard methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacteria were recovered for all of the 79 aspirates and the numbers of the significant cultured isolates (with colony forming units \u226510\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were between 1 and 10. A total of 206 isolates, 106 anaerobic and 100 aerobic or facultative-anaerobic strains were isolated. The most common aerobic bacteria were\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40),\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 29),\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6),\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7) and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6). The anaerobic bacteria included black-pigmented\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 27),\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13), Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16),\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 19) and\n                      <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study illustrates the microbial dynamics in which anaerobic and aerobic bacteria prevail and highlights the importance of obtaining cultures from patients with chronic sinusitis for guidance in selection of proper antimicrobial therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2020.00010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1591347635000},"page":"107-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The incidence of anaerobic bacteria in adult patients with chronic sinusitis: A prospective, single-centre microbiological study"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9602-7552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edit","family":"Urb\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, D\u00f3m t\u00e9r 10., Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"2Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Szigeti \u00fat 12., P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1270-0365","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M\u00e1ri\u00f3","family":"Gajd\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s utca 6., Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Torkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-, Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref101","first-page":"13","article-title":"Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children and adults","volume":"316","author":"Wald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2500\/105065899782106742","article-title":"Endoscopically guided sinus cultures in normal subjects","volume":"13","author":"Nadel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"ref451","volume-title":"Summary health statistics for US","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3479-3480.2005","article-title":"Bacteriology of acute and chronic ethmoid sinusitis","volume":"43","author":"Brook","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"5","article-title":"Infectious rhinosinusitis in adults: classification, etiology and management","volume":"76","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-46-5-430","article-title":"Microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis: comparison between specimens obtained by sinus endoscopy and by surgical drainage","volume":"46","author":"Brook","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref141","volume-title":"Wadsworth anaerobic bacteriology manual","author":"Summanen","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref481","article-title":"for Disease Control and Prevention Care Data https www cdc gov nchs ahcd index htm Accessed st of","volume":"21","author":"Centers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.01.023","article-title":"Odontogenic sinusitis maxillaris: a retrospective study of 121 cases with surgical intervention","volume":"45","author":"Zirk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949810701107","article-title":"Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"107","author":"Biel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.01.023","article-title":"Odontogenic sinusitis maxillaris: a retrospective study of 121 cases with surgical intervention","volume":"45","author":"Zirk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe-an underestimated disease. A GA(2)LEN study","volume":"66","author":"Hastan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1648857","article-title":"The relevance of anaerobic bacteria in brain abscesses: a ten-year retrospective analysis (2008-2017)","volume":"51","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis (London)"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70329-3","article-title":"Localized sinus inflammation in a rabbit sinusitis model induced by Bacteroides fragilis is accompanied by rigorous immune responses","volume":"120","author":"Jyonouchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(95)90057-8","article-title":"What is the bacteriology of chronic sinusitis in adults?","volume":"16","author":"Ramadan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949810701107","article-title":"Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"107","author":"Biel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref571","volume-title":"Wadsworth anaerobic bacteriology manual","author":"Summanen","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.22-4-111","volume":"22","author":"Nash","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sinusitis. Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1086\/341899","article-title":"Bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults","volume":"35","author":"Finegold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197401172900304","article-title":"Anaerobic infection of the paranasal sinuses","volume":"290","author":"Frederick","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198307000-00016","article-title":"Bacteriological study in chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"93","author":"Su","year":"1983","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.07.013","article-title":"Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of chronic adenoid disease in children","volume":"74","author":"Fekete-Szab\u00f3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2020.00009","article-title":"Relevance of anaerobic bacteremia in adult patients: a never-ending story?","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"ref531","first-page":"13","article-title":"Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children and adults","volume":"316","author":"Wald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2500\/105065894781874205","article-title":"Gram-negative sinusitis: emerging clinical entity","volume":"8","author":"Bolger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(03)00155-5","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial management of sinusitis","volume":"37","author":"Brook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1086\/341899","article-title":"Bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults","volume":"35","author":"Finegold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.147","article-title":"Odontogenic sinusitis: A review of the current literature","volume":"3","author":"Little","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1648857","article-title":"The relevance of anaerobic bacteria in brain abscesses: a ten-year retrospective analysis (2008-2017)","volume":"51","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis (London)"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.6.1512","article-title":"The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis","volume":"20","author":"Nord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(03)00155-5","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial management of sinusitis","volume":"37","author":"Brook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.031476-0","article-title":"Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial resistance in odontogenic and non\u2010odontogenic chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"60","author":"Puglisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Summary health statistics for US","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2016.08.008","article-title":"Systemic and odontogenic etiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"50","author":"Kuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9780849382581","volume-title":"Anaerobic infections: diagnosis and management","author":"Brook","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909800605","article-title":"Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults","volume":"98","author":"Brook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800313","article-title":"Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"108","author":"Brook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.22-4-111","volume":"22","author":"Nash","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sinusitis. Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7030085","article-title":"Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Cervicofacial Actinomyces Infections: an Overview","volume":"7","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. J"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"5","article-title":"Infectious rhinosinusitis in adults: classification, etiology and management","volume":"76","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21629","article-title":"Odontogenic and rhinogenic chronic sinusitis: A modern microbiological comparison","volume":"6","author":"Saibene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500437385","article-title":"Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyp","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Oto-laryngologica"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3479-3480.2005","article-title":"Bacteriology of acute and chronic ethmoid sinusitis","volume":"43","author":"Brook","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211101109","article-title":"Bacteriology of acute and chronic sphenoid sinusitis","volume":"111","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-46-5-430","article-title":"Microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis: comparison between specimens obtained by sinus endoscopy and by surgical drainage","volume":"46","author":"Brook","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2500\/105065894781874205","article-title":"Gram-negative sinusitis: emerging clinical entity","volume":"8","author":"Bolger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.125.10.1117","article-title":"The microbiology of recurrent rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"125","author":"Bahattacharyya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/hn.2003.v128.amhn0312811","article-title":"Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology","volume":"129","author":"Benninger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.10.1099","article-title":"Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis","volume":"132","author":"Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9780849382581","volume-title":"Anaerobic infections: diagnosis and management","author":"Brook","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21629","article-title":"Odontogenic and rhinogenic chronic sinusitis: A modern microbiological comparison","volume":"6","author":"Saibene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/hn.2003.v128.amhn0312811","article-title":"Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology","volume":"129","author":"Benninger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800313","article-title":"Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"108","author":"Brook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe-an underestimated disease. A GA(2)LEN study","volume":"66","author":"Hastan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref821","first-page":"182","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the polymicrobial flora in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"39","author":"Stephenson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211101109","article-title":"Bacteriology of acute and chronic sphenoid sinusitis","volume":"111","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"for Disease Control and Prevention Care Data https www cdc gov nchs ahcd index htm Accessed st of","volume":"21","author":"Centers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040025","article-title":"Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria: Rubik's cube of clinical microbiology?","volume":"6","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199403000-00013","article-title":"Bacteriology of antrum in adults with chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"104","author":"Erkan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198307000-00016","article-title":"Bacteriological study in chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"93","author":"Su","year":"1983","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.6.1512","article-title":"The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis","volume":"20","author":"Nord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500437385","article-title":"Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyp","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Oto-laryngologica"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70329-3","article-title":"Localized sinus inflammation in a rabbit sinusitis model induced by Bacteroides fragilis is accompanied by rigorous immune responses","volume":"120","author":"Jyonouchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.125.10.1117","article-title":"The microbiology of recurrent rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"125","author":"Bahattacharyya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.07.013","article-title":"Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of chronic adenoid disease in children","volume":"74","author":"Fekete-Szab\u00f3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2020.00009","article-title":"Relevance of anaerobic bacteremia in adult patients: a never-ending story?","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis","volume":"15","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.5.583","article-title":"Bacteriology of acute and chronic frontal sinusitis","volume":"128","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040025","article-title":"Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria: Rubik's cube of clinical microbiology?","volume":"6","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2500\/105065899782106742","article-title":"Endoscopically guided sinus cultures in normal subjects","volume":"13","author":"Nadel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis","volume":"15","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197401172900304","article-title":"Anaerobic infection of the paranasal sinuses","volume":"290","author":"Frederick","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2016.08.008","article-title":"Systemic and odontogenic etiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"50","author":"Kuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909800605","article-title":"Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults","volume":"98","author":"Brook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.147","article-title":"Odontogenic sinusitis: A review of the current literature","volume":"3","author":"Little","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.10.1099","article-title":"Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis","volume":"132","author":"Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"182","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the polymicrobial flora in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"39","author":"Stephenson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(95)90057-8","article-title":"What is the bacteriology of chronic sinusitis in adults?","volume":"16","author":"Ramadan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7030085","article-title":"Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Cervicofacial Actinomyces Infections: an Overview","volume":"7","author":"Gajd\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. J"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1979.00790190012003","article-title":"Bacteria in chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"105","author":"Karma","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199403000-00013","article-title":"Bacteriology of antrum in adults with chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"104","author":"Erkan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.031476-0","article-title":"Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial resistance in odontogenic and non\u2010odontogenic chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"60","author":"Puglisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.5.583","article-title":"Bacteriology of acute and chronic frontal sinusitis","volume":"128","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1979.00790190012003","article-title":"Bacteria in chronic maxillary sinusitis","volume":"105","author":"Karma","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/10\/2\/article-p107.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/10\/2\/article-p107.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T20:06:10Z","timestamp":1634155570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/10\/2\/article-p107.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2020.00010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-8633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-8633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}}}