{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T06:45:23Z","timestamp":1781419523507,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The excessive prescription of antibiotics has led to an increasing number of antimicrobial resistances, posing a major public health concern. Therefore, the pharmacological research has shifted its focus to the identification of natural compounds that exhibit anti-pathogenic properties without triggering antibiotic resistance. Butyrate has received increasing attention as a promising candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly when antibiotic treatment is contraindicated. This literature survey summarizes recently investigated antibacterial and immune-modulatory effects of butyrate. This survey revealed that butyrate exerts direct antimicrobial effects against distinct strains of <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> species. In addition, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies confirmed indirect antimicrobial effects of butyrate, which were exhibited via induction of host defensin production as well as by activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, the synergistic action of butyrate in combination with other antimicrobial compounds results in a striking clearance of bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, butyrate and its derivatives might be considered as promising antibacterial and immune-modulatory agents in order to tackle bacterial infections without antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2021.00001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T08:35:41Z","timestamp":1616056541000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A literature survey on antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects of butyrate revealing non-antibiotic approaches to tackle bacterial infections"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bereswill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6399-651X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markus M.","family":"Heimesaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Munita JM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2016;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015.10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Microbiome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0419-2","article-title":"Antibiotic-mediated changes in the fecal microbiome of broiler chickens define the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"6","author":"Xiong W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiong W, Wang Y, Sun Y, Ma L, Zeng Q, Jiang X, . Antibiotic-mediated changes in the fecal microbiome of broiler chickens define the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes. Microbiome 2018;6:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-018-0419-2.10.1186\/s40168-018-0419-2"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/35021219","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance","volume":"406","author":"Walsh C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Walsh C. Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance. Nature 2000;406:775\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35021219.10.1038\/35021219"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1424-6","article-title":"Impact of healthcare-associated acquisition on community-onset Gram-negative bloodstream infection: a population-based study: healthcare-associated Gram-negative BSI","volume":"31","author":"Al-Hasan MN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Hasan MN, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM. Impact of healthcare-associated acquisition on community-onset Gram-negative bloodstream infection: a population-based study: healthcare-associated Gram-negative BSI. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;31:1163\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-011-1424-6.10.1007\/s10096-011-1424-6"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Anim Biotechnol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10495390600957092","article-title":"Genetics of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"17","author":"Harbottle H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harbottle H, Thakur S, Zhao S, White DG. Genetics of antimicrobial resistance. Anim Biotechnol 2006;17:111\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10495390600957092.10.1080\/10495390600957092"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Microb Drug Resist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0220","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospital setting: overview, implications for clinical practice, and emerging treatment options","volume":"22","author":"Cerceo E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cerceo E, Deitelzweig SB, Sherman BM, Amin AN. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospital setting: overview, implications for clinical practice, and emerging treatment options. Microb Drug Resist 2016;22:412\u201331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2015.0220.10.1089\/mdr.2015.0220"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Ann Ig","first-page":"562","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance as a major public health concern: epidemiology and economic impact","volume":"27","author":"Ciorba V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ciorba V, Odone A, Veronesi L, Pasquarella C, Signorelli C. Antibiotic resistance as a major public health concern: epidemiology and economic impact. Ann Ig 2015;27:562\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7416\/ai.2015.2048."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, . Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18:318\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(17)30753-3.10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Nat Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0503-9","article-title":"Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from one health and global health perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Hernando-Amado S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Mart\u00ednez JL. Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from one health and global health perspectives. Nat Microbiol 2019;4:1432\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0503-9.10.1038\/s41564-019-0503-9"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1542587","article-title":"Nondigestible carbohydrates, butyrate, and butyrate-producing bacteria","volume":"59","author":"Fu X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu X, Liu Z, Zhu C, Mou H, Kong Q. Nondigestible carbohydrates, butyrate, and butyrate-producing bacteria. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019;59:S130\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2018.1542587.10.1080\/10408398.2018.1542587"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, B\u00e4ckhed F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell 2016;165:1332\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041.10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Neurochem Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.06.011","article-title":"The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?","volume":"99","author":"Stilling RM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stilling RM, van de Wouw M, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis? Neurochem Int 2016;99:110\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.06.011.10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.06.011"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, Dikiy S, van der Veeken J, deRoos P, . Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature 2013;504:451\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12726.10.1038\/nature12726"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Curr Drug Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2174\/138920012800840428","article-title":"Uptake and metabolism of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, a critical review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Astbury SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Astbury SM, Corfe BM. Uptake and metabolism of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, a critical review of the literature. Curr Drug Metab 2012;13:815\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138920012800840428.10.2174\/138920012800840428"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Environ Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13589","article-title":"Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Louis P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Louis P, Flint HJ. Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2017;19:29\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13589.10.1111\/1462-2920.13589"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.007","article-title":"Benefits of short-chain fatty acids and their receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"164","author":"Sivaprakasam S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sivaprakasam S, Prasad PD, Singh N. Benefits of short-chain fatty acids and their receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2016;164:144\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.007.10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.007"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2407-x","article-title":"Monocarboxylate 4 mediated butyrate transport in a rat intestinal epithelial cell line","volume":"58","author":"Kekuda R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kekuda R, Manoharan P, Baseler W, Sundaram U. Monocarboxylate 4 mediated butyrate transport in a rat intestinal epithelial cell line. Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:660\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-012-2407-x.10.1007\/s10620-012-2407-x"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Hepatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21596","article-title":"Novel liver-specific organic anion transporter OAT7 that operates the exchange of sulfate conjugates for short chain fatty acid butyrate","volume":"45","author":"Shin HJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shin HJ, Anzai N, Enomoto A, He X, Kim DK., Endou H, Kanai Y. Novel liver-specific organic anion transporter OAT7 that operates the exchange of sulfate conjugates for short chain fatty acid butyrate. Hepatology 2007;45:1046\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21596.10.1002\/hep.21596"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Nutrients","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042839","article-title":"Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation","volume":"7","author":"Kasubuchi M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasubuchi M, Hasegawa S, Hiramatsu T, Ichimura A, Kimura I. Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation. Nutrients 2015;7:2839\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7042839.10.3390\/nu7042839"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"ISME J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.158","article-title":"Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model","volume":"7","author":"Van den Abbeele P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van den Abbeele P, Belzer C, Goossens M, Kleerebezem M, De Vos WM, Thas O, . Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model. ISME J 2013;7:949\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2012.158.10.1038\/ismej.2012.158"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"mSystems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00130-17","article-title":"Colonic butyrate-producing communities in humans: an overview using omics data","volume":"2","author":"Vital M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vital M, Karch A, Pieper DH. Colonic butyrate-producing communities in humans: an overview using omics data. mSystems 2017;2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00130-17.10.1128\/mSystems.00130-17"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Front Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01226","article-title":"Functional characterization of novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains isolated from healthy volunteers: a step forward in the use of F. prausnitzii as a next-generation probiotic","volume":"8","author":"Mart\u00edn R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn R, Miquel S, Benevides L, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Hudault S, . Functional characterization of novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains isolated from healthy volunteers: a step forward in the use of F. prausnitzii as a next-generation probiotic. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01226.10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01226"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116465","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii from calves and piglets","volume":"9","author":"Foditsch C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foditsch C, Santos TM, Teixeira AG, Pereira RV, Dias JM, . Isolation and characterization of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii from calves and piglets. PLoS One 2014;9:e116465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116465.10.1371\/journal.pone.0116465"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4271","article-title":"Commensal bacteria contribute to insulin resistance in aging by activating innate B1a cells","volume":"10","author":"Bodogai M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bodogai M, O'Connell J, Kim K, Kim Y, Moritoh K, Chen C, . Commensal bacteria contribute to insulin resistance in aging by activating innate B1a cells. Sci Transl Med 2018;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4271.10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4271"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, . Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 2013;504:446\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12721.10.1038\/nature12721"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32860-x","article-title":"Regulation of the effector function of CD8(+) T cells by gut microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate","volume":"8","author":"Luu M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luu M, Weigand K, Wedi F, Breidenbend C, Leister H, Pautz S, . Regulation of the effector function of CD8(+) T cells by gut microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate. Sci Rep 2018;8:14430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32860-x.10.1038\/s41598-018-32860-x"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Gut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.5.735","article-title":"Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 is modulated by short chain fatty acids in colonocytes: relevance of signalling pathways","volume":"52","author":"Schauber J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schauber J, Svanholm C, Term\u00e9n S, Iffland K, Menzel T, Scheppach W, . Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 is modulated by short chain fatty acids in colonocytes: relevance of signalling pathways. Gut 2003;52:735\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.52.5.735.10.1136\/gut.52.5.735"},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Mol Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.05.005","article-title":"Histone-deacetylase inhibitors induce the cathelicidin LL-37 in gastrointestinal cells","volume":"41","author":"Schauber J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schauber J, Iffland K, Frisch S, Kudlich T, Schmausser B, Eck M, . Histone-deacetylase inhibitors induce the cathelicidin LL-37 in gastrointestinal cells. Mol Immunol 2004;41:847\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.05.005.10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.05.005"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-009-0057-2","article-title":"Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide","volume":"58","author":"Bucki R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bucki R, Leszczy\u0144ska K, Namiot A, Soko\u0142owski W. Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010;58:15\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00005-009-0057-2.10.1007\/s00005-009-0057-2"},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Microb Pathog","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.008","article-title":"Sodium butyrate ameliorates Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in RAW264.7 macrophages and C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"131","author":"Zhou Z","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Yang H, Li H, Li X, Li X, Wu B, . Sodium butyrate ameliorates Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in RAW264.7 macrophages and C57BL\/6 mice. Microb Pathog 2019;131:144\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.008.10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.008"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-12","article-title":"Effects of orally applied butyrate bolus on histone acetylation and cytochrome P450 enzyme activity in the liver of chicken - a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"M\u00e1tis G","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00e1tis G, Neogr\u00e1dy Z, Csik\u00f3 G, Kulcs\u00e1r A, Ken\u00e9z A, Huber K. Effects of orally applied butyrate bolus on histone acetylation and cytochrome P450 enzyme activity in the liver of chicken - a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013;10:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-7075-10-12.10.1186\/1743-7075-10-12"},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Anim Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.010","article-title":"Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production","volume":"4","author":"Bedford A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bedford A, Gong J. Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production. Anim Nutr 2018;4:151\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.010.10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.010"},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Poult Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00484","article-title":"Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella Enteritidis infection","volume":"88","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rubio C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rubio C, Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez C, Abad-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Garcia-Gallego A, Honrubia MP, Mallo JJ, . Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Poult Sci 2009;88:943\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2008-00484.10.3382\/ps.2008-00484"},{"key":"B34","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14180","article-title":"Inactivation of the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Acinetobacter baumannii by butanoic acid","volume":"126","author":"Kennedy GM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kennedy GM, Min MY, Fitzgerald JF, Nguyen MT, Schultz SL, Crum MT, . Inactivation of the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Acinetobacter baumannii by butanoic acid. J Appl Microbiol 2019;126:752\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.14180.10.1111\/jam.14180"},{"key":"B35","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05649-11","article-title":"Phenylethyl butyrate enhances the potency of second-line drugs against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Grau T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grau T, Selchow P, Tigges M, Burri R, Gitzinger M, B\u00f6ttger EC, . Phenylethyl butyrate enhances the potency of second-line drugs against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:1142\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.05649-11.10.1128\/AAC.05649-11"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Immunity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018","article-title":"The short chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Schulthess J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schulthess J, Pandey S, Capitani M, Rue-Albrecht KC, Arnold I, Franchini F, . The short chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages. Immunity 2019;50:432\u201345. e437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018.10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018"},{"key":"B37","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027225","article-title":"Butyrate enhances disease resistance of chickens by inducing antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression","volume":"6","author":"Sunkara LT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sunkara LT, Achanta M, Schreiber NB, Bommineni YR, Dai G, Jiang W, . Butyrate enhances disease resistance of chickens by inducing antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression. PLoS One 2011;6:e27225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0027225.10.1371\/journal.pone.0027225"},{"key":"B38","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072922","article-title":"Induction of porcine host defense peptide gene expression by short-chain fatty acids and their analogs","volume":"8","author":"Zeng X","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zeng X, Sunkara LT, Jiang W, Bible M, Carter S, Ma X, . Induction of porcine host defense peptide gene expression by short-chain fatty acids and their analogs. PLoS One 2013;8:e72922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0072922.10.1371\/journal.pone.0072922"},{"key":"B39","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049558","article-title":"Modulation of antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression by free fatty acids","volume":"7","author":"Sunkara LT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sunkara LT, Jiang W, Zhang G. Modulation of antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression by free fatty acids. PLoS One 2012;7:e49558, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049558.10.1371\/journal.pone.0049558"},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Mol Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.09.003","article-title":"Cyclic AMP synergizes with butyrate in promoting \u03b2-defensin 9 expression in chickens","volume":"57","author":"Sunkara LT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sunkara LT, Zeng X, Curtis AR, Zhang G. Cyclic AMP synergizes with butyrate in promoting \u03b2-defensin 9 expression in chickens. Mol Immunol 2014;57:171\u201380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.09.003.10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.09.003"},{"key":"B41","series-title":"Front Cel Infect Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00191","article-title":"High throughput screening for natural host defense peptide-inducing compounds as novel alternatives to antibiotics","volume":"8","author":"Lyu W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lyu W, Deng Z, Sunkara LT, Becker S, Robinson K, Matts R, . High throughput screening for natural host defense peptide-inducing compounds as novel alternatives to antibiotics. Front Cel Infect Microbiol 2018;8:191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00191.10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00191"},{"key":"B42","series-title":"Cell Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12758","article-title":"Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli produces outer membrane vesicles as an active defence system against antimicrobial peptide LL-37","volume":"19","author":"Urashima A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urashima A, Sanou A, Yen H, Tobe T. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli produces outer membrane vesicles as an active defence system against antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Cell Microbiol 2017;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.12758.10.1111\/cmi.12758"},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1843396","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis and barrier disruption and the potential protective strategies","author":"Duan H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duan H, Yu L, Tian F, Zhai Q, Fan L, Chen W. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis and barrier disruption and the potential protective strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020:1\u201326, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1843396.10.1080\/10408398.2020.1843396"},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4755","article-title":"Antibiotics induce sustained dysregulation of intestinal T cell immunity by perturbing macrophage homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Scott NA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott NA, Andrusaite A, Andersen P, Lawson M, Alcon-Giner C, Leclaire C, . Antibiotics induce sustained dysregulation of intestinal T cell immunity by perturbing macrophage homeostasis. Sci Transl Med 2018;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4755.10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4755"},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600150","article-title":"High-fiber and high-protein diets shape different gut microbial communities, which ecologically behave similarly under stress conditions, as shown in a gastrointestinal simulator","volume":"61","author":"Marzorati M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marzorati M, Vilchez-Vargas R, Bussche JV, Truchado P, Jauregui R, El Hage RA, . High-fiber and high-protein diets shape different gut microbial communities, which ecologically behave similarly under stress conditions, as shown in a gastrointestinal simulator. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017;61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201600150.10.1002\/mnfr.201600150"},{"key":"B46","series-title":"J Oleo Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess15035","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel phenolic lipid for use as potential lipophilic antioxidant and as a prodrug of butyric acid","volume":"64","author":"Kaki SS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaki SS, Kunduru KR, Kanjilal S, Narayana Prasad RB. Synthesis and characterization of a novel phenolic lipid for use as potential lipophilic antioxidant and as a prodrug of butyric acid. J Oleo Sci 2015;64:845\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5650\/jos.ess15035.10.5650\/jos.ess15035"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/11\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/11\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/11\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T09:25:44Z","timestamp":1742203544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/11\/1\/article-p1.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2021.00001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-509X","2062-8633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-509X","type":"print"},{"value":"2062-8633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}}}