{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T13:02:11Z","timestamp":1769605331874,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acquired benign tracheoesophageal fistulas and bronchoesophageal fistulas (TEF) are typically associated with granulomatous mediastinal infections, 75% of which are iatrogenic. <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> are commonly occurring organisms, but are uncommon etiologies of TEF. Normal colonization and the slow growth characteristics of some species of these agents rarely result in infection, mycetoma, and broncholithiasis, and thus, delays in diagnosis and treatment are likely. Few reports describe <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> spp. as the etiology of TEF or broncholithiasis. Herein, we report a case of benign acquired TEF secondary to coinfection of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> complicated by the formation of an actinomycetoma and broncholithiasis and a comprehensive literature review to highlight the unique nature of this presentation and offer a diagnostic algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of TEFs. Following a presentation of three months of productive cough, choking sensation, night sweats, and weight loss, a bronchoscopy revealed a fistulous connection between the esophagus and the posterior right middle lobe. Pathology identified a calcified fungus ball and a broncholith secondary to the co-infection of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>. This unique presentation of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> co-infection and the associated diagnostic algorithm are presented as education and a useful tool for clinicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2024.00043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T06:50:37Z","timestamp":1715583037000},"page":"296-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tracheoesophageal fistula due to Candida and Actinomyces co-infection: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Teshon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.P.","family":"Schammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Associates, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Corso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Associates, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6109-5344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C.","family":"Schammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville SC, USA"},{"name":"Pathology Associates, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Prisma Health Upstate, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Devane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville SC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Prisma Health Upstate, Greenville SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Surgical management of benign acquired tracheoesophageal fistulas: a ten-year experience","volume":"102","author":"Bibas BJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bibas BJ, Guerreiro Cardoso PF, Minamoto H, Eloy-Pereira LP, Tamagno MF, Terra RM, et\u00a0al. 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