{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:49:59Z","timestamp":1793234999700,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rising prevalence of fungal infections and challenges such as adverse effects and resistance against existing antifungal agents have driven the exploration of new antifungal substances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We specifically investigated naphthoquinones, known for their broad biological activities and promising antifungal capabilities. It specifically examined the effects of a particular naphthoquinone on the cellular components of <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> ATCC 60193. The study also assessed cytotoxicity in MRC-5 cells, <jats:italic>Artemia salina<\/jats:italic>, and the seeds of tomatoes and arugula.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among four tested naphthoquinones, 2,3-DBNQ (2,3-dibromonaphthalene-1,4-dione) was identified as highly effective, showing potent antifungal activity at concentrations between 1.56 and 6.25\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. However, its cytotoxicity in MRC-5 cells (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 15.44\u2009\u00b5M), complete mortality in <jats:italic>A. salina<\/jats:italic> at 50\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and significant seed germination inhibition suggest limitations for its clinical use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings indicate that primary antifungal mechanism of 2,3-DBNQ might involve disrupting fungal membrane permeability, which leads to increased nucleotide leakage. This insight underscores the need for further research to enhance the selectivity and safety of naphthoquinones for potential therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2024.00072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T11:59:58Z","timestamp":1724414398000},"page":"289-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antifungal potential, mechanism of action, and toxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juan Diego Ribeiro","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Natural Resources of the Amazon, Higher School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"},{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raissa Sayumy Kataki","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Natural Resources of the Amazon, Higher School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"},{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naira Sulany Oliveira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia Alves","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emerson Silva","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Gomes","family":"de Souza Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collection of Microorganisms of Medical Interest, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rica Simpl\u00edcio","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Natural Resources of the Amazon, Higher School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"},{"name":"Higher School of Technology, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3163-7499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vicente Braga","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther","article-title":"Antifungal photodynamic activities of phthalocyanine derivatives on Candida albicans","volume":"30","author":"Ozturk I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozturk I, Tun\u00e7el A, Yurt F, Biyiklioglu Z, Ince M, Ocakoglu K. 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