{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:14:28Z","timestamp":1768443268123,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multi-drug resistant bacterial infections are of global concern, leading to staggering health care costs and loss of lives. Hence, novel therapeutic options are highly required. <jats:italic>Garcinia mangostana<\/jats:italic>, a plant known as mangosteen (also termed \u201cqueen of the fruits\u201d), is said to possess a multitude of favorable features like anti-microbial capacity. Accordingly, we compiled a literature review addressing the potential of the mangosteen and its compounds for the treatment of bacterial infections. The included 23\u00a0publications consistently reported the inhibition or elimination of bacteria following the administration of mangosteen extracts and compounds such as the xanthone \u03b1-mangostin, both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>. Even pathogens like methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> as well as vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> species were tackled. While the effect of mangosteen extracts and compounds appeared to be dose-dependent, they exhibited also anti-biofilm activity and strong stability under varying conditions, suggesting suitability for a versatile approach to combat infectious diseases. Moreover, the combination of \u03b1-mangostin with other phytotherapeutic agents and especially antibiotics revealed enhanced anti-bacterial results, at low or no toxicity. In light of this review, we conclude that mangosteen extracts and compounds are promising candidates for the anti-bacterial therapy of human infections, warranting further consideration in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2025.00006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T07:13:19Z","timestamp":1740985999000},"page":"63-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recent evidence on prominent anti-bacterial capacities of compounds derived from the mangosteen fruit"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vincent A.","family":"Eiselt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bereswill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6399-651X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markus M.","family":"Heimesaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"J Chromatogr Sci","first-page":"185","article-title":"Validation of LC for the determination of \u03b1 \u03b1-Mangostin in Mangosteen peel extract: a tool for quality assessment of Garcinia mangostana L","volume":"47","author":"Yodhnu S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yodhnu S, Sirikatitham A, Wattanapiromsakul C. Validation of LC for the determination of \u03b1 \u03b1-Mangostin in Mangosteen peel extract: a tool for quality assessment of Garcinia mangostana L. J Chromatogr Sci. 2009;47(3):185\u20139."},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"PLoS ONE","article-title":"Antibacterial compounds from propolis of Tetragonula laeviceps and Tetrigona melanoleuca (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Sanpa S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanpa S, Popova M, Bankova V, Tunkasiri T, Eitssayeam S, Chantawannakul P. Antibacterial compounds from propolis of Tetragonula laeviceps and Tetrigona melanoleuca (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Thailand. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0126886."},{"issue":"24","key":"B3","series-title":"Molecules","first-page":"8775","article-title":"A review of the influence of various extraction techniques and the biological effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarps","volume":"27","author":"Yuvanatemiya V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuvanatemiya V, Srean P, Klangbud WK, Venkatachalam K, Wongsa J, Parametthanuwat T, et al. A review of the influence of various extraction techniques and the biological effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarps. Molecules. 2022;27(24):8775."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol","first-page":"348","article-title":"Transformation of cheaper mangosteen pericarp waste into bioethanol and chemicals","volume":"95","author":"Cho EJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho EJ, Park CS, Bae HJ. Transformation of cheaper mangosteen pericarp waste into bioethanol and chemicals. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2020;95:348\u201355."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Int J Biol Macromolecules","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging films based on chitosan and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind powder","volume":"145","author":"Zhang X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu J, Yong H, Qin Y, Liu J, Jin C. Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging films based on chitosan and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind powder. Int J Biol Macromolecules. 2020;145:1129\u201339."},{"issue":"10","key":"B6","series-title":"Food Chem Toxicol","first-page":"3227","article-title":"Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)","volume":"46","author":"Pedraza-Chaverri J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pedraza-Chaverri J, C\u00e1rdenas-Rodr\u00edguez N, Orozco-Ibarra M, P\u00e9rez-Rojas JM. Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(10):3227\u201339."},{"issue":"8","key":"B7","series-title":"Phytotherapy Res","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Garcinia mangostana L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review","volume":"23","author":"Obolskiy D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Siriwatanametanon N, Heinrich M. Garcinia mangostana L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytotherapy Res. 2009;23(8):1047\u201365."},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res","article-title":"Role of natural toothbrushes in containing oral microbial flora-a review","volume":"8","author":"Sagar S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sagar S. Role of natural toothbrushes in containing oral microbial flora-a review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2015;8(4)."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"355","article-title":"Anti-Cancer effects of xanthones from pericarps of mangosteen","volume":"9","author":"Akao Y","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Anti-Cancer effects of xanthones from pericarps of mangosteen. Int J Mol Sci. 2008;9:355\u201370."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Molecules","first-page":"275","article-title":"Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of xanthones obtained via semi- synthetic modification of \u03b1-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana","volume":"22","author":"Narasimhan S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Narasimhan S, Maheshwaran S, Abu-Yousef IA, Majdalawieh AF, Rethavathi J, Das PE, et al. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of xanthones obtained via semi- synthetic modification of \u03b1-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana. Molecules. 2017;22:275."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Nanomaterials","first-page":"3337","article-title":"Antibacterial, antioxidation, UV-blocking, and biodegradable soy protein isolate food packaging film\u00a0with mangosteen peel extract and ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Huang X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang X, Zhou X, Dai Q, Qin Z. Antibacterial, antioxidation, UV-blocking, and biodegradable soy protein isolate food packaging film\u00a0with mangosteen peel extract and ZnO nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2021;11:3337."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Pharmacol Res","article-title":"Mangosteen for malignancy prevention and intervention: current evidence, molecular mechanisms, and future perspectives","volume":"188","author":"Kalick LS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalick LS, Khan HA, Maung E, Baez Y, Atkinson AN, Wallace CE, et\u00a0al. Mangosteen for malignancy prevention and intervention: current evidence, molecular mechanisms, and future perspectives. Pharmacol Res. 2023;188:106630."},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","series-title":"Mini-Reviews Org Chem","first-page":"355","article-title":"Structural characterization, biological effects, and synthetic studies on xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), a popular botanical dietary supplement","volume":"5","author":"Chin Y-W","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chin Y-W, Kinghorn AD. Structural characterization, biological effects, and synthetic studies on xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), a popular botanical dietary supplement. Mini-Reviews Org Chem. 2008;5(4):355\u201364."},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"J Ethnopharmacology","first-page":"161","article-title":"Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line","volume":"90","author":"Moongkarndi P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacology. 2004;90(1):161\u20136."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","article-title":"Antitumor and anti- nematode activities of \u03b1-mangostin","volume":"863","author":"Markowicz J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Markowicz J, Uram \u0141, Sobich J, Mangiardi L, Maj P, Rode W. Antitumor and anti- nematode activities of \u03b1-mangostin. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;863:172678."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report 2022","year":"2022","unstructured":"Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Fitoterapia","first-page":"102","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Thai medicinal plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"80","author":"Chomnawang MT","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chomnawang MT, Surassmo S, Wongsariya K, Bunyapraphatsara N. Antibacterial activity of Thai medicinal plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fitoterapia. 2009;80(2):102\u20134."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Antibiotics","first-page":"232","article-title":"Plant-derived xanthones against clostridial enteric infections","volume":"12","author":"Liu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhu J, Qu S, Shen J, Zhu K. Plant-derived xanthones against clostridial enteric infections. Antibiotics. 2023;12:232."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Nat Prod Res","article-title":"Insights from degradation studies of alpha mangostin from Garcinia mangostana: key findings","author":"Palkar PM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palkar PM, Palghadmal SB, Mane SS, Darne PA, Vidhate SV, Mehta NA, et al. Insights from degradation studies of alpha mangostin from Garcinia mangostana: key findings. Nat Prod Res. 2024."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Foods","first-page":"994","article-title":"Insights into the chemical composition and in vitro bioactive properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp","volume":"12","author":"Albuquerque BR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albuquerque BR, Dias MI, Pinela J, Calhelha RC, Pires TCSP, Alves MJ, et\u00a0al. Insights into the chemical composition and in vitro bioactive properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp. Foods. 2023;12:994."},{"issue":"10","key":"B21","series-title":"Nat Prod Res","first-page":"938","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (L.) and their structure\u2013activity relationship studies","volume":"27","author":"Dharmaratne HRW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dharmaratne HRW, Sakagami Y, Piyasena KGP, Thevanesam V. Antibacterial activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (L.) and their structure\u2013activity relationship studies. Nat Prod Res. 2013;27(10):938\u201341."},{"issue":"15","key":"B22","series-title":"Nat Prod Res","first-page":"1769","article-title":"A novel xanthone dimer derivative with antibacterial activity isolated from the bark of Garcinia mangostana","volume":"32","author":"Wang W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang W, Liao Y, Huang X, Tang C, Cai P. A novel xanthone dimer derivative with antibacterial activity isolated from the bark of Garcinia mangostana. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(15):1769\u201374."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci","first-page":"1507","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of mangostanin as an antimicrobial and biocompatible topical antiseptic for skin and oral tissues","volume":"7","author":"Munar-Bestard M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munar-Bestard M, Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Ramis JM, Monjo M. In vitro evaluation of mangostanin as an antimicrobial and biocompatible topical antiseptic for skin and oral tissues. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024;7:1507\u221217."},{"issue":"11","key":"B24","series-title":"Vet World","first-page":"3048","article-title":"Evaluation of the\u00a0phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts","volume":"14","author":"Pasaribu T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasaribu T, Sinurat AP, Wina E, Cahyaningsih T. Evaluation of the\u00a0phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts. Vet World. 2021;14(11):3048\u201355."},{"issue":"7","key":"B25","series-title":"J Altern Complement Med","first-page":"671","article-title":"Thai herbal formulas used for wound treatment: a study of their antibacterial potency, anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity effects","volume":"19","author":"Chusri S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chusri S, Settharaksa S, Chokpaisarn J, Limsuwan S, Voravuthikunchai SP. Thai herbal formulas used for wound treatment: a study of their antibacterial potency, anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity effects. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(7):671\u20136."},{"issue":"8","key":"B26","series-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol","first-page":"861","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"48","author":"Iinuma M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Asai F, Kobayashl Y, Shimano R, et\u00a0al. Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996;48(8):861\u20135."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Phytomedicine","first-page":"203","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of a- mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics","volume":"12","author":"Sakagami Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sakagami Y, Iinuma M, Piyasena KGNP, Dharmaratne HRW. Antibacterial activity of a- mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:203\u20138."},{"key":"B28","series-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med","first-page":"182","article-title":"Antileptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G","volume":"13","author":"Seesom W","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seesom W, Jaratrungtawee A, Suksamrarn S, Mekseepralard C, Ratananukul P, Sukhumsirichart W. Antileptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:182."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"195","article-title":"Synergism and the mechanism of action of the combination of \u03b1-mangostin isolated from Garcinia mangostana L. and oxacillin against an oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"16","author":"Phitaktim S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phitaktim S, Chomnawang M, Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Dunkhunthod B, Hobbs G, Eumkeb G. Synergism and the mechanism of action of the combination of \u03b1-mangostin isolated from Garcinia mangostana L. and oxacillin against an oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16:195."},{"issue":"12","key":"B30","series-title":"Heliyon","article-title":"Alginate\/pectin dressing with niosomal mangosteen extract for enhanced wound healing: evaluating skin irritation by structure-activity relationship","volume":"8","author":"Pooprommin P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pooprommin P, Manaspon C, Dwivedi A, Mazumder A, Sangkaew S, Wanmasae S, et\u00a0al. Alginate\/pectin dressing with niosomal mangosteen extract for enhanced wound healing: evaluating skin irritation by structure-activity relationship. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e12032."},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","series-title":"Vet World","first-page":"188","article-title":"Treatment efficacy of Thunbergia laurifolia, Curcuma longa, Garcinia mangostana, and Andrographis paniculata extracts in Staphylococcus aureus- induced rabbit dermatitis model","volume":"15","author":"So-In C","year":"2022","unstructured":"So-In C, Sunthamala N. Treatment efficacy of Thunbergia laurifolia, Curcuma longa, Garcinia mangostana, and Andrographis paniculata extracts in Staphylococcus aureus- induced rabbit dermatitis model. Vet World. 2022;15(1):188\u201397."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B32","series-title":"Int J Pharmaceutics","first-page":"333","article-title":"Electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats loaded with Garcinia mangostana extracts","volume":"452","author":"Charernsriwilaiwat N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charernsriwilaiwat N, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, Sukma M, Opanasopit P. Electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats loaded with Garcinia mangostana extracts. Int J Pharmaceutics. 2013;452(1\u20132):333\u201343."},{"issue":"11","key":"B33","series-title":"Pharm Biol","first-page":"2606","article-title":"In vivo antibacterial activity of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse superficial skin infection model","volume":"54","author":"Tatiya-aphiradee N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tatiya-aphiradee N, Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K. In vivo antibacterial activity of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse superficial skin infection model. Pharm Biol. 2016;54(11):2606\u201315."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Biomed Pharmacother","first-page":"705","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extract\u00a0in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced superficial skin infection in mice","volume":"111","author":"Tatiya-aphiradee N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tatiya-aphiradee N, Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K. Anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extract\u00a0in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced superficial skin infection in mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:705\u201313."},{"issue":"5","key":"B35","series-title":"Res Pharm Sci","first-page":"457","article-title":"Garcinia mangostana hydrogel patch: bactericidal activity and clinical safety for acne vulgaris treatment","volume":"17","author":"Phumlek K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phumlek K, Itharat A, Pongcharoen P, Chakkavittumrong P, Lee H-Y, Moon G-S, et\u00a0al. Garcinia mangostana hydrogel patch: bactericidal activity and clinical safety for acne vulgaris treatment. Res Pharm Sci. 2022;17(5):457\u201367."},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Med Princ Pract","first-page":"281","article-title":"Anti-acne-inducing bacterial activity of mangosteen fruit rind extracts","volume":"19","author":"Pothitirat W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pothitirat W, Chomnawang MT, Gritsanapan W. Anti-acne-inducing bacterial activity of mangosteen fruit rind extracts. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19:281\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"B37","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","first-page":"ZC19","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of Garcinia mangostana on cariogenic microorganisms","volume":"11","author":"Janardhanan S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Janardhanan S, Mahendra J, Girija ASS, Mahendra L, Priyadharsini V. Antimicrobial effects of Garcinia mangostana on cariogenic microorganisms. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(1):ZC19\u2013ZC22."},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dentistry","first-page":"123","article-title":"Indonesian mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in biofilms in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Widyarman AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Widyarman AS, Lay SH, Wendhita IP, Tjakra EE, Murdono FI, Binartha CTO. Indonesian mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in biofilms in vitro. Contemp Clin Dentistry. 2019;10:123\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"B39","series-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dentistry","first-page":"77","article-title":"The antibacterial effects of Apacaries gel on Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study","volume":"7","author":"Juntavee A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Juntavee A, Peerapattana J, Ratanathongkam A, Nualkaew N, Chatchiwiwattana S, Treesuwan P. The antibacterial effects of Apacaries gel on Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dentistry. 2014;7(2):77\u201381."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/15\/2\/article-p63.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/15\/2\/article-p63.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/15\/2\/article-p63.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T08:08:19Z","timestamp":1751270899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/15\/2\/article-p63.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2025.00006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-509X","2062-8633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-509X","type":"print"},{"value":"2062-8633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}