{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:45:57Z","timestamp":1785368757652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EuJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial pathogens, particularly antibiotic-resistant strains may constitute major challenges for the successful treatment of infected patients. Therefore, novel antibiotics or alternative, antibiotics-independent compounds with antimicrobial properties such as phytonutrients are needed. Our systematic literature review summarizes current knowledge on antibacterial effects of sulforaphane (SFN) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, including human studies. The isothiocyanate SFN is abundant in plants from the <jats:italic>Brassicaceae<\/jats:italic>\u00a0family including broccoli. The 28 reports reviewed herein revealed that SFN i.) exerted antimicrobial effects against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; ii.) counteracted distinct virulence factors such as biofilm formation and toxin production (e.g. Shiga toxin); iii.)\u00a0enhanced antibacterial immune cell responses mounting in anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions thereby supporting bacterial killing and dampening inflammatory cell and tissue damage; iv.) prevented from aspirin-induced small intestinal cell injury; and v.) alleviated <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori-<\/jats:italic>induced gastritis. In conclusion, given its antibacterial, immune-modulatory, and disease-alleviating effects, SFN constitutes\u00a0a promising alternative antibiotic-independent candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections, warranting further consideration in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2025.00028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T05:32:31Z","timestamp":1750743151000},"page":"139-149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antibacterial effects of sulforaphane \u2013 A\u00a0phytonutrient derived from broccoli as\u00a0promising candidate in the combat of\u00a0bacterial infections"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Valea","family":"P\u00f6tschke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bereswill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6399-651X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markus M.","family":"Heimesaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Antimicrobial resistance","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. 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National estimates of healthcare costs associated with multidrug-resistant bacterial infections among hospitalized patients in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(Suppl 1):S17\u2013S26."},{"issue":"10325","key":"B4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"629","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray CJL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et\u00a0al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629\u201355."},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"564","article-title":"Plant products as antimicrobial agents","volume":"12","author":"Cowan MM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12(4):564\u201382."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"B6","series-title":"Microbiology (Reading)","first-page":"229","article-title":"The antibacterial properties of isothiocyanates","volume":"161","author":"Dufour V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dufour V, Stahl M, Baysse C. The antibacterial properties of isothiocyanates.\u00a0Microbiology (Reading). 2015;161(Pt 2):229\u201343."},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"Molecules","article-title":"Isothiocyanates: an overview of their antimicrobial activity against human infections","volume":"23","author":"Romeo L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Romeo L, Iori R, Rollin P, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Isothiocyanates: an overview of their antimicrobial activity against human infections. Molecules. 2018;23(3)."},{"issue":"5","key":"B8","series-title":"Molecules","article-title":"Sulforaphane and its bifunctional analogs: synthesis and biological activity","volume":"27","author":"Janczewski L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Janczewski L. Sulforaphane and its bifunctional analogs: synthesis and biological activity. Molecules. 2022;27(5)."},{"issue":"3","key":"B9","series-title":"Biomolecules","article-title":"Sulforaphane-Enriched extracts from broccoli exhibit antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens, promising a natural antimicrobial agent for crop protection","volume":"14","author":"He L","year":"2024","unstructured":"He L, Jiang H, Li Y, Zhang X, Sun W, Liu C, et\u00a0al. Sulforaphane-Enriched extracts from broccoli exhibit antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens, promising a natural antimicrobial agent for crop protection. 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Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(3):1263\u201376."},{"issue":"11","key":"B15","series-title":"J Agric Food Chem","first-page":"6672","article-title":"Analysis and anti-helicobacter activity of sulforaphane and related compounds present in broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.) sprouts","volume":"58","author":"Moon JK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moon JK, Kim JR, Ahn YJ, Shibamoto T. Analysis and anti-helicobacter activity of sulforaphane and related compounds present in broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.) sprouts. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(11):6672\u20137."},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis","first-page":"338","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of glucosinolate-derived hydrolysis products against enterobacteriaceae and enterococci isolated from pig ileum segments","volume":"9","author":"Saavedra MJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saavedra MJ, Dias CS, Martinez-Murcia A, Bennett RN, Aires A, Rosa EA. Antibacterial effects of glucosinolate-derived hydrolysis products against enterobacteriaceae and enterococci isolated from pig ileum segments. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2012;9(4):338\u201345."},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","series-title":"Planta Med","first-page":"326","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of several isothiocyanates on Helicobacter pylori","volume":"71","author":"Haristoy X","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haristoy X, Fahey JW, Scholtus I, Lozniewski A. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of several isothiocyanates on Helicobacter pylori. Planta Med. 2005;71(4):326\u201330."},{"issue":"12","key":"B18","series-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol","first-page":"2036","article-title":"Relationship between chemical structure and antimicrobial activities of isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables against oral pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Ko MO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ko MO, Kim MB, Lim SB. Relationship between chemical structure and antimicrobial activities of isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables against oral pathogens. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;26(12):2036\u201342."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Bioorg Chem","article-title":"Fluoroaryl analogs of sulforaphane - a group of compounds of anticancer and antimicrobial activity","volume":"94","author":"Cierpial T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cierpial T, Kielbasinski P, Kwiatkowska M, Lyzwa P, Lubelska K, Kuran D, et\u00a0al. Fluoroaryl analogs of sulforaphane - a group of compounds of anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Chem. 2020;94:103454."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Front Microbiol","article-title":"Induction of the stringent response underlies the antimicrobial action of aliphatic isothiocyanates","volume":"11","author":"Nowicki D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowicki D, Krause K, Szamborska P, Zukowska A, Cech GM, Szalewska-Palasz A. 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Urease from Helicobacter pylori is inactivated by sulforaphane and other isothiocyanates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;435(1):1\u20137."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Isothiocyanates as effective agents against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: insight to the mode of action","volume":"6","author":"Nowicki D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nowicki D, Rodzik O, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Szalewska-Palasz A. Isothiocyanates as effective agents against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: insight to the mode of action. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22263."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Front Pharmacol","article-title":"Investigating sulforaphane's anti-virulence and anti-quorum sensing properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"15","author":"Bendary MM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bendary MM, Ali MAM, Abdel Halim AS, Boufahja F, Chaudhary AA, Elkelish A, et\u00a0al. Investigating sulforaphane's anti-virulence and anti-quorum sensing properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1406653."},{"issue":"19","key":"B25","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","article-title":"Dietary isothiocyanates, sulforaphane and 2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate, effectively impair Vibrio cholerae virulence","volume":"22","author":"Krause K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krause K, Pyrczak-Felczykowska A, Karczewska M, Narajczyk M, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Szalewska-Palasz A, et\u00a0al. Dietary isothiocyanates, sulforaphane and 2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate, effectively impair Vibrio cholerae virulence. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19)."},{"issue":"11","key":"B26","series-title":"Nutrients","article-title":"Evaluation of the anti-shigellosis activity of dietary isothiocyanates in Galleria mellonella Larvae","volume":"13","author":"Nowicki D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nowicki D, Krause K, Karczewska M, Szalewska-Palasz A. Evaluation of the anti-shigellosis activity of dietary isothiocyanates in Galleria mellonella Larvae. Nutrients. 2021;13(11)."},{"issue":"5","key":"B27","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"629","article-title":"Inhibiting plasmid mobility: the effect of isothiocyanates on bacterial conjugation","volume":"53","author":"Kwapong AA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwapong AA, Stapleton P, Gibbons S. Inhibiting plasmid mobility: the effect of isothiocyanates on bacterial conjugation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;53(5):629\u201336."},{"issue":"8","key":"B28","series-title":"Innate Immun","first-page":"682","article-title":"LPS-induced expression of CD14 in the TRIF pathway is epigenetically regulated by sulforaphane in porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Yang Q","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang Q, Proll MJ, Salilew-Wondim D, Zhang R, Tesfaye D, Fan H, et\u00a0al. LPS-induced expression of CD14 in the TRIF pathway is epigenetically regulated by sulforaphane in porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Innate Immun. 2016;22(8):682\u201395."},{"issue":"3","key":"B29","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","first-page":"600","article-title":"Sulforaphane inhibits the engagement of LPS with TLR4\/MD2 complex by preferential binding to Cys133 in MD2","volume":"434","author":"Koo JE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koo JE, Park ZY, Kim ND, Lee JY. Sulforaphane inhibits the engagement of LPS with TLR4\/MD2 complex by preferential binding to Cys133 in MD2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;434(3):600\u20135."},{"issue":"6","key":"B30","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of 4 natural and chemical activators of Nrf2 on inflammation, oxidative stress, macrophage polarization, and bactericidal activity in an in vitro macrophage infection model","volume":"15","author":"Ali M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali M, Bonay M, Vanhee V, Vinit S, Deramaudt TB. Comparative effectiveness of 4 natural and chemical activators of Nrf2 on inflammation, oxidative stress, macrophage polarization, and bactericidal activity in an in vitro macrophage infection model. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234484."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"B31","series-title":"Free Radic Biol Med","first-page":"177","article-title":"Activation of Nrf2 modulates protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in THP1-derived macrophages","volume":"193","author":"Zhou J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou J, Fang F, Qi J, Li T, Zhang L, Liu H, et\u00a0al. Activation of Nrf2 modulates protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in THP1-derived macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;193(Pt 1):177\u201389."},{"issue":"6","key":"B32","series-title":"Int J Mol Med","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Sulforaphane reduces intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages through inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK-induced inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Deramaudt TB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deramaudt TB, Ali M, Vinit S, Bonay M. 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Investigation of potential anti-pneumococcal effects of l-sulforaphane and metabolites: insights from synchrotron-FTIR microspectroscopy and molecular docking studies. J Mol Graph Model. 2020;97:107568."},{"issue":"1","key":"B35","series-title":"Curr Pharm Des","first-page":"157","article-title":"Sulforaphane protects small intestinal mucosa from aspirin\/NSAID-induced injury by enhancing host defense systems against oxidative stress and by inhibiting mucosal invasion of anaerobic enterobacteria","volume":"19","author":"Yanaka A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yanaka A, Sato J, Ohmori S. Sulforaphane protects small intestinal mucosa from aspirin\/NSAID-induced injury by enhancing host defense systems against oxidative stress and by inhibiting mucosal invasion of anaerobic enterobacteria. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(1):157\u201362."},{"issue":"4","key":"B36","series-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)","first-page":"353","article-title":"Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans","volume":"2","author":"Yanaka A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yanaka A, Fahey JW, Fukumoto A, Nakayama M, Inoue S, Zhang S, et\u00a0al. Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(4):353\u201360."},{"issue":"3","key":"B37","series-title":"Korean J Intern Med","first-page":"574","article-title":"Effects of probiotics or broccoli supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication with standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy","volume":"35","author":"Chang YW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang YW, Park YM, Oh CH, Oh SJ, Cho JH, Kim JW, et\u00a0al. Effects of probiotics or broccoli supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication with standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35(3):574\u201381."},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Science.","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands control organogenesis of intestinal lymphoid follicles","volume":"334","author":"Kiss EA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kiss EA, Vonarbourg C, Kopfmann S, Hobeika E, Finke D, Esser C, et al. Natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands control organogenesis of intestinal lymphoid follicles. Science. 2011;334:1561\u20135."},{"issue":"18","key":"B39","series-title":"MMW Fortschr Med","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effectiveness of phytochemicals. Broccoli in intestinal infections? (interviewed by Dr. Beate Sommer)","volume":"154","author":"Diefenbach A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diefenbach A. Effectiveness of phytochemicals. Broccoli in intestinal infections? 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MMW Fortschr Med. 2012;154(18):32."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/15\/3\/article-p139.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/15\/3\/article-p139.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/15\/3\/article-p139.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:05:59Z","timestamp":1759842359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/15\/3\/article-p139.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2025.00028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-509X","2062-8633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-509X","type":"print"},{"value":"2062-8633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}}}