{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:31:15Z","timestamp":1773934275310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IA209620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA209620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EUJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    mRNA vaccines have shown high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, yet orchestration of innate and adaptive responses in infection-na\u00efve individuals remains incompletely characterized. Understanding these dynamics in people without prior infection is essential for defining baseline immune trajectories and providing a reference for future studies. We conducted a longitudinal study in SARS-CoV-2\u2013na\u00efve adults who received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Peripheral blood was analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify monocyte, NK, T, and B cell subpopulations, and serum cytokines were measured by multiplex assays. Data were evaluated with\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -score normalization and paired comparisons. Monocyte subsets segregated into two groups: one with progressive decline and another with transient activation. NK cells displayed multiphasic activation, particularly after booster. CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells differentiated toward central and effector memory phenotypes, while B cells showed evidence of germinal center engagement followed by memory refinement. Cytokine fluctuations, including interferon-related signals, paralleled cellular dynamics. The booster was associated with re-engagement of innate components and amplification of adaptive responses. BNT162b2 vaccination in na\u00efve individuals induces a coordinated sequence in innate and adaptive compartments, culminating in memory T and B cells. These findings align with current literature and provide trajectories to inform immune monitoring and optimization strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2025.00058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:36:35Z","timestamp":1768293395000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primary immune trajectories following a\u00a0single\u00a0BNT162b2 vaccination scheme in\u00a0SARS-CoV-2\u2013na\u00efve individuals"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miguel Leonardo","family":"M\u00e9ndez Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Alergia, Centro M\u00e9dico Naval (CEMENAV), Secretaria de Marina (SEMAR), Avenida Heroica Escuela Naval Militar 745, Coapa, Presidentes Ejidales 1ra Secci\u00f3n, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City, 04470, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ponciano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Los Barrios N\u00b0 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Campos-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Los Barrios N\u00b0 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfrido David","family":"Tapia-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular de Leucemias y Terapia Celular (DILETEC), Basiliso Romo Anguiano 124, Industrial, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07800, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Leonardo","family":"Duarte-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular de Leucemias y Terapia Celular (DILETEC), Basiliso Romo Anguiano 124, Industrial, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07800, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Salvador","family":"Romero-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Alergia, Centro M\u00e9dico Naval (CEMENAV), Secretaria de Marina (SEMAR), Avenida Heroica Escuela Naval Militar 745, Coapa, Presidentes Ejidales 1ra Secci\u00f3n, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City, 04470, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Olivas-Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud Culiac\u00e1n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Occidente, Culiacan, Sinaloa 80020, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto Daniel","family":"Saucedo-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Los Barrios N\u00b0 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaciel Ivan","family":"Lopez-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Los Barrios N\u00b0 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo Rene","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Los Barrios N\u00b0 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda (UMF), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Los Barrios N\u00b0 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Romero-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leopoldo","family":"Santos-Argumedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Hugo","family":"Rosales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular de Leucemias y Terapia Celular (DILETEC), Basiliso Romo Anguiano 124, Industrial, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07800, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 14330, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6546-9713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vianney","family":"Ortiz-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"EXCLI J","article-title":"Authorization of the first Covid-19 emergency vaccines: the matters arising","volume":"20","author":"Adedokun KA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adedokun KA, Kamorudeen RT, Bello IO. Authorization of the first Covid-19 emergency vaccines: the matters arising. EXCLI J. 2021;20."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Front Public Health","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 vaccination: a global perspective","volume":"11","author":"Singh P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh P, Anand A, Rana S, Kumar A, Goel P, Kumar S, et\u00a0al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination: a global perspective. Front Public Health. 2023;11."},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"J Virol [Internet]","article-title":"Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"99","author":"Karl V","year":"2025 Apr 15","unstructured":"Karl V, Hofmann M, Thimme R. Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. In: Levy DE, editor. J Virol [Internet]. 2025 Apr 15;99(4). [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jvi.01350-24."},{"issue":"15","key":"B4","series-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)","first-page":"2456","article-title":"Development of T cell antigen-based human coronavirus vaccines against nAb-escaping SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"69","author":"Zhou H","year":"2024 Aug 15","unstructured":"Zhou H, Leng P, Wang Y, Yang K, Li C, Ojcius DM, et\u00a0al. Development of T cell antigen-based human coronavirus vaccines against nAb-escaping SARS-CoV-2 variants. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2024 Aug 15;69(15):2456\u201370."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Nat Commun [Internet]","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibody Fc receptor binding and T cell responses to homologous and heterologous immunization with inactivated or mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"15","author":"Cohen CA","year":"2024 Aug 27","unstructured":"Cohen CA, Leung NHL, Kaewpreedee P, Lee KWK, Jia JZ, Cheung AWL, et\u00a0al. Antibody Fc receptor binding and T cell responses to homologous and heterologous immunization with inactivated or mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2024 Aug 27;15(1):1\u201315. [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51427-1."},{"issue":"10298","key":"B6","series-title":"Lancet [Internet]","first-page":"385","article-title":"Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1","volume":"398","author":"Shrotri M","year":"2021 Jul 31","unstructured":"Shrotri M, Navaratnam AMD, Nguyen V, Byrne T, Geismar C, Fragaszy E, et\u00a0al. Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Lancet [Internet]. 2021 Jul 31;398(10298):385\u20137. [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/action\/showFullText?pii=S0140673621016421."},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"J Pers Med","article-title":"Antibody response following a two-dose mRNA vaccination regimen, in health care workers of a tertiary hospital in Athens, Greece","volume":"11","author":"Kontou E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kontou E, Ranellou K, Zoulas D, Bletsa A, Rompola E, Piperaki ET, et\u00a0al. Antibody response following a two-dose mRNA vaccination regimen, in health care workers of a tertiary hospital in Athens, Greece. J Pers Med. 2021;11(6)."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Front Immunol","article-title":"Immune cells profiles in the peripheral blood of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects with and without vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Al-Attiyah R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Attiyah R, Safar HA, Botras L, Botras M, Al-Kandari F, Chehadeh W, et\u00a0al. Immune cells profiles in the peripheral blood of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects with and without vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Front Immunol. 2022;13."},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"Nat Immunol","article-title":"Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine","volume":"23","author":"Li C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li C, Lee A, Grigoryan L, Arunachalam PS, Scott MKD, Trisal M, et\u00a0al. Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. Nat Immunol. 2022;23(4)."},{"issue":"5","key":"B10","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","article-title":"The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in persons with naturally acquired immunity with and without subsequent receipt of a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine A retrospective cohort study","volume":"175","author":"Gazit S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gazit S, Shlezinger R, Perez G, Lotan R, Peretz A, Ben-Tov A, et\u00a0al. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in persons with naturally acquired immunity with and without subsequent receipt of a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine A retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(5)."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Lancet","article-title":"Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine","volume":"397","author":"Prendecki M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prendecki M, Clarke C, Brown J, Cox A, Gleeson S, Guckian M, et\u00a0al. Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine. Lancet. 2021;397."},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","series-title":"Nat Commun","article-title":"Young infants display heterogeneous serological\u00a0responses and extensive but reversible transcriptional changes following initial immunizations","volume":"14","author":"Nouri N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nouri N, Cao RG, Bunsow E, Nehar-Belaid D, Marches R, Xu\u00a0Z,\u00a0et\u00a0al. Young infants display heterogeneous serological\u00a0responses and extensive but reversible transcriptional changes following initial immunizations. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1)."},{"issue":"45","key":"B13","series-title":"Sci Adv","article-title":"High-temporal resolution profiling reveals distinct immune trajectories following the first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Rinchai D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rinchai D, Deola S, Zoppoli G, Kabeer BSA, Taleb S, Pavlovski I, et\u00a0al. High-temporal resolution profiling reveals distinct immune trajectories following the first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Sci Adv. 2022;8(45)."},{"issue":"58","key":"B14","series-title":"Sci Immunol","article-title":"Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARSCoV-2 na\u00efve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Goel RR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Painter MM, Mathew D, Pattekar A, Kuthuru O, et\u00a0al. Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARSCoV-2 na\u00efve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(58)."},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Cell Rep","article-title":"Systemic IL-15, IFN-\u03b3, and IP-10\/CXCL10 signature associated with effective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients","volume":"36","author":"Bergamaschi C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bergamaschi C, Terpos E, Rosati M, Angel M, Bear J, Stellas D, et\u00a0al. Systemic IL-15, IFN-\u03b3, and IP-10\/CXCL10 signature associated with effective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients. Cell Rep. 2021;36(6)."},{"issue":"5","key":"B16","series-title":"Cell Rep Med","article-title":"Distinct immune cell dynamics correlate with the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Takano T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takano T, Morikawa M, Adachi Y, Kabasawa K, Sax N, Moriyama S, et\u00a0al. Distinct immune cell dynamics correlate with the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Cell Rep Med. 2022;3(5)."},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother","article-title":"Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses","volume":"20","author":"Padilla-B\u00f3rquez DL","year":"2024 Dec 31","unstructured":"Padilla-B\u00f3rquez DL, Matuz-Flores MG, Hern\u00e1ndez-Bello J, Rosas-Rodr\u00edguez JA, Turrubiates-Hern\u00e1ndez FJ, Garc\u00eda-Arellano S, et\u00a0al. Influence of previous COVID-19 exposure and vaccine type (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2) on antibody and cytokine (Th1 or Th2) responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024 Dec 31;20(1)."},{"issue":"7872","key":"B18","series-title":"Nature","article-title":"Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans","volume":"596","author":"Arunachalam PS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arunachalam PS, Scott MKD, Hagan T, Li C, Feng Y, Wimmers F, et\u00a0al. Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans. Nature. 2021;596(7872)."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Front Immunol [Internet]","article-title":"Natural killer cells and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine reactogenicity and durability","volume":"14","author":"Graydon EK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graydon EK, Conner TL, Dunham K, Olsen C, Goguet E, Coggins SA, et\u00a0al. Natural killer cells and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine reactogenicity and durability. Front Immunol [Internet]. 2023;14. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1225025."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","article-title":"Targeting natural killer cells to enhance vaccine responses","volume":"42","author":"Cox A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cox A, Cevik H, Feldman HA, Canaday LM, Lakes N, Waggoner SN. Targeting natural killer cells to enhance vaccine responses. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2021;42."},{"issue":"66","key":"B21","series-title":"Sci Immunol","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype","volume":"6","author":"Guerrera G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerrera G, Picozza M, D\u2019Orso S, Placido R, Pirronello M, Verdiani A, et\u00a0al. BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(66)."},{"issue":"631","key":"B22","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","article-title":"Robust immune responses are observed after one dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals","volume":"14","author":"Samanovic MI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samanovic MI, Cornelius AR, Gray-Gaillard SL, Allen JR, Karmacharya T, Wilson JP, et\u00a0al. Robust immune responses are observed after one dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(631)."},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Early CD4+ T cell responses induced by the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine predict immunological memory","volume":"12","author":"Bai J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai J, Chiba A, Murayama G, Kuga T, Yahagi Y, Tabe Y, et\u00a0al. Early CD4+ T cell responses induced by the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine predict immunological memory. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1)."},{"issue":"70","key":"B24","series-title":"Sci Immunol","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-neutralizing memory B\u00a0cells are elicited by two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Kotaki R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kotaki R, Adachi Y, Moriyama S, Onodera T, Fukushi S, Nagakura T, et\u00a0al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-neutralizing memory B\u00a0cells are elicited by two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(70)."},{"issue":"7870","key":"B25","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"109","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses","volume":"596","author":"Turner JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner JS, O\u2019Halloran JA, Kalaidina E, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Zhou JQ, et\u00a0al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses. Nature. 2021;596(7870):109\u201313."},{"key":"B1","series-title":"EXCLI J","article-title":"Authorization of the first Covid-19 emergency vaccines: the matters arising","volume":"20","author":"Adedokun KA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adedokun KA, Kamorudeen RT, Bello IO. Authorization of the first Covid-19 emergency vaccines: the matters arising. EXCLI J. 2021;20."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Front Public Health","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 vaccination: a global perspective","volume":"11","author":"Singh P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh P, Anand A, Rana S, Kumar A, Goel P, Kumar S, et\u00a0al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination: a global perspective. Front Public Health. 2023;11."},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"J Virol [Internet]","article-title":"Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"99","author":"Karl V","year":"2025 Apr 15","unstructured":"Karl V, Hofmann M, Thimme R. Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. In: Levy DE, editor. J Virol [Internet]. 2025 Apr 15;99(4). [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jvi.01350-24."},{"issue":"15","key":"B4","series-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)","first-page":"2456","article-title":"Development of T cell antigen-based human coronavirus vaccines against nAb-escaping SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"69","author":"Zhou H","year":"2024 Aug 15","unstructured":"Zhou H, Leng P, Wang Y, Yang K, Li C, Ojcius DM, et\u00a0al. Development of T cell antigen-based human coronavirus vaccines against nAb-escaping SARS-CoV-2 variants. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2024 Aug 15;69(15):2456\u201370."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"Nat Commun [Internet]","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibody Fc receptor binding and T cell responses to homologous and heterologous immunization with inactivated or mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"15","author":"Cohen CA","year":"2024 Aug 27","unstructured":"Cohen CA, Leung NHL, Kaewpreedee P, Lee KWK, Jia JZ, Cheung AWL, et\u00a0al. Antibody Fc receptor binding and T cell responses to homologous and heterologous immunization with inactivated or mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2024 Aug 27;15(1):1\u201315. [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51427-1."},{"issue":"10298","key":"B6","series-title":"Lancet [Internet]","first-page":"385","article-title":"Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1","volume":"398","author":"Shrotri M","year":"2021 Jul 31","unstructured":"Shrotri M, Navaratnam AMD, Nguyen V, Byrne T, Geismar C, Fragaszy E, et\u00a0al. Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Lancet [Internet]. 2021 Jul 31;398(10298):385\u20137. [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/action\/showFullText?pii=S0140673621016421."},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"J Pers Med","article-title":"Antibody response following a two-dose mRNA vaccination regimen, in health care workers of a tertiary hospital in Athens, Greece","volume":"11","author":"Kontou E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kontou E, Ranellou K, Zoulas D, Bletsa A, Rompola E, Piperaki ET, et\u00a0al. Antibody response following a two-dose mRNA vaccination regimen, in health care workers of a tertiary hospital in Athens, Greece. J Pers Med. 2021;11(6)."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Front Immunol","article-title":"Immune cells profiles in the peripheral blood of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects with and without vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Al-Attiyah R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Attiyah R, Safar HA, Botras L, Botras M, Al-Kandari F, Chehadeh W, et\u00a0al. Immune cells profiles in the peripheral blood of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects with and without vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Front Immunol. 2022;13."},{"issue":"4","key":"B9","series-title":"Nat Immunol","article-title":"Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine","volume":"23","author":"Li C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li C, Lee A, Grigoryan L, Arunachalam PS, Scott MKD, Trisal M, et\u00a0al. Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. 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