{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:04:34Z","timestamp":1792807474672,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EUJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen that primarily causes healthcare-associated infections. This bacterium employs two key resistance mechanisms\u2014intrinsic and acquired\u2014to withstand antimicrobial toxicity, facilitating its spread and persistence within healthcare settings. This review focuses on acquired resistance mechanisms in\n                    <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting genetic mutations and gene acquisition through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Mutations that confer antimicrobial resistance commonly occur in drug targets (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which encode DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively), drug uptake systems, ribosomal proteins, metabolic enzymes, and more importantly, transcriptional regulators of multidrug efflux systems. These mutations can lead to resistance against the first-line treatments for\n                    <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections, including trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, cefiderocol, and minocycline. The acquisition of resistomes via HGT also occur in\n                    <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Resistance genes, such as those encoding sulfonamide resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), trimethoprim resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>dfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), quinolone resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and multidrug\/biocide efflux pumps can be transferred from neighboring microbial communities through various genetic vectors, including insertion sequences, transposons, gene cassettes\/integrons, and conjugative plasmids. Intrinsic resistance, combined with acquired resistance, can transform\n                    <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    from an MDR pathogen into an extensively drug-resistant or even pandrug-resistant strain, thus further complicating its treatment and management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2026.00004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:55:52Z","timestamp":1772610952000},"page":"40-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acquired resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Mechanisms underlying the shift from multidrug to pandrug resistance"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-4963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paiboon","family":"Vattanaviboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Program in Applied Biological Science: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punyawee","family":"Dulyayangkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parinya","family":"Tipanyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skorn","family":"Mongkolsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Program in Applied Biological Science: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisanart","family":"Charoenlap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Program in Applied Biological Science: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","article-title":"Advances in the microbiology of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"34","author":"Brooke JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brooke JS. 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Efflux pump systems as key contributors to multidrug resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: physiological roles and gene regulation. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2025;72:81\u201392."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Plos Comput Biol","article-title":"Specificity and tunability of efflux pumps: a new role for the proton gradient?","volume":"21","author":"Gerry M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gerry M, Kirby D, Alexandrov BS, Segal D, Zilman A. Specificity and tunability of efflux pumps: a new role for the proton gradient? Plos Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012772."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem","first-page":"2630","article-title":"The beta-lactamase gene regulator AmpR is a tetramer that recognizes and binds the D-Ala-D-Ala motif of its repressor UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)-pentapeptide","volume":"290","author":"Vadlamani G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vadlamani G, Thomas MD, Patel TR, Donald LJ, Reeve TM, Stetefeld J, et al. 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Adaptive protection and cross-resistance to antibiotics of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia mediated by biocides: molecular mechanisms. Acta Microbiol Bulg. 2025;42:131\u20139."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"3079","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of SmeDEF, a novel multidrug efflux pump from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"44","author":"Alonso A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alonso A, Martinez JL. Cloning and characterization of SmeDEF, a novel multidrug efflux pump from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:3079\u201386."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"3497","article-title":"SmeDEF multidrug efflux pump contributes to intrinsic multidrug resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"45","author":"Zhang L","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang L, Li XZ, Poole K. SmeDEF multidrug efflux pump contributes to intrinsic multidrug resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3497\u2013503."},{"key":"B35","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"3221","article-title":"Mechanisms and phenotypic consequences of acquisition of tigecycline resistance by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"74","author":"Blanco P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanco P, Corona F, Martinez JL. Mechanisms and phenotypic consequences of acquisition of tigecycline resistance by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74:3221\u201330."},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Microb Drug Resist","article-title":"Molecular characterization of pandrug-, extensively drug-, and multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from Thailand","author":"Dulyayangkul P","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dulyayangkul P, Vanitshavit V, Tipanyo P, Whangsuk W, Bhinija K, Charoenlap N, et al. Molecular characterization of pandrug-, extensively drug-, and multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from Thailand. Microb Drug Resist. 2026;In press."},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"4917","article-title":"Involvement of the RND efflux pump transporter SmeH in the acquisition of resistance to ceftazidime in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"9","author":"Blanco P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanco P, Corona F, Martinez JL. Involvement of the RND efflux pump transporter SmeH in the acquisition of resistance to ceftazidime in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4917."},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"655","article-title":"Coordinate hyperproduction of SmeZ and SmeJK efflux pumps extends drug resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"57","author":"Gould VC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gould VC, Okazaki A, Avison MB. Coordinate hyperproduction of SmeZ and SmeJK efflux pumps extends drug resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:655\u20137."},{"key":"B39","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"A linkage between SmeIJK efflux pump, cell envelope integrity, and sigmaE-mediated envelope stress response in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"9","author":"Huang YW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang YW, Liou RS, Lin YT, Huang HH, Yang TC. A linkage between SmeIJK efflux pump, cell envelope integrity, and sigmaE-mediated envelope stress response in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. PLoS One. 2014;9:e111784."},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"5826","article-title":"Contribution of resistance-nodulation-division efflux pump operon smeU1-V-W-U2-X to multidrug resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"55","author":"Chen CH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen CH, Huang CC, Chung TC, Hu RM, Huang YW, Yang TC. Contribution of resistance-nodulation-division efflux pump operon smeU1-V-W-U2-X to multidrug resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5826\u201333."},{"key":"B41","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"2285","article-title":"Role of AzoR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, in SmeVWX pump-mediated antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"76","author":"Lu HF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu HF, Tsai YC, Li LH, Lin YT, Yang TC. Role of AzoR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, in SmeVWX pump-mediated antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. 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