{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:19:08Z","timestamp":1783408748388,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EUJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed changes associated with the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2) pandemic on hand disinfection compliance and technique among inpatients and visitors in a German tertiary-care hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hand disinfection compliance and technique were directly observed. Approximately 10% of observed individuals were included in a questionnaire-based study on motivations and knowledge (voluntary participation). A pre-pandemic period of 5 months was compared with a pandemic period of 10 months during the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 5,517 individuals observed as well as 456 observed and questioned were included in the assessment. Among observed individuals, hand disinfection compliance increased from\u00a08.7% (181\/2,087) to 24.0% (823\/3,430) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001), and correct technique increased from 4.4%\u00a0(91\/2,087) to 10.0% (343\/3,430) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001) during the pandemic period. Among volunteers participating in the questionnaire arm, compliance was high pre-pandemic (47.2%; 58\/123) and remained stable during the pandemic period (45.6%; 152\/333) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.8325). In this subpopulation, correct technique declined from 28.5% (35\/123) to 17.7% (59\/333) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0136).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate pandemic-period-associated improvements in hand disinfection compliance and technique among non-healthcare professionals in healthcare settings may not increase indefinitely, but may reach a saturation level in individuals who already show comparatively high adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2026.00013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:55:26Z","timestamp":1775130926000},"page":"92-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in hand hygiene compliance and technique among non-healthcare professionals in a tertiary-care hospital: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Warnke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Charlotte","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Podbielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1564","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen N","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et\u00a0al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1564\u20137."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols","volume":"26","author":"Kratzel A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kratzel A, Todt D, V'kovski P, Steiner S, Gultom M, Thao TTN, et\u00a0al. Inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1592\u20135."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"J Polit Econ","first-page":"677","article-title":"The effects of automobile safety regulation","volume":"83","author":"Peltzman S","year":"1975","unstructured":"Peltzman S. The effects of automobile safety regulation. J Polit Econ. 1975;83:677\u2013726."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Am J Infect Control","first-page":"340","article-title":"Do hospital visitors wash their hands? Assessing the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer in a hospital lobby","volume":"40","author":"Birnbach DJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Birnbach DJ, Nevo I, Barnes S, Fitzpatrick M, Rosen LF, Everett-Thomas R, et\u00a0al. Do hospital visitors wash their hands? Assessing the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer in a hospital lobby. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40:340\u20133."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"J Hosp Infect","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nudging hand hygiene compliance: a large-scale field experiment on hospital visitors","volume":"118","author":"Hansen PG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansen PG, Larsen EG, Modin A, Gundersen CD, Schilling M. Nudging hand hygiene compliance: a large-scale field experiment on hospital visitors. 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