{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:18:32Z","timestamp":1783408712662,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EUJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Eustachian tube (ET) is essential for middle ear ventilation. Chronic obstructive ET dysfunction may lead to chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma, but its pathophysiology remains unclear. Commensal bacterial colonization of the ET has not previously been studied in healthy individuals or affected patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary academic referral center including 13 patients with chronic obstructive ET dysfunction and 37\u00a0controls. Between 2017 and 2020, intraoperative tissue samples and swabs were collected using a\u00a0contamination-minimized Yankauer suction technique. Samples underwent conventional culture\u00a0diagnostics, microbiome analysis via 16S rDNA sequencing, and histopathological examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Culture identified 552 bacterial strains, with greater diversity in controls (34 genera) than in patients (19\u00a0genera). Microbiome analysis confirmed a larger core microbiome in controls.\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was more abundant in patients, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      predominated in controls. Genera such as\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Gemella<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be linked to microbial alterations in chronic ET dysfunction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This first combined culture-based and molecular analysis using a novel sampling-technique demonstrated reduced bacterial diversity in chronic ET dysfunction patients, resembling patterns seen in other chronic respiratory morbidities. Future studies should incorporate complementary sampling approaches\u00a0and cutting-edge sequencing technologies, additionally assessing viral etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2026.00015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1779366463000},"page":"117-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiome of the Eustachian tube in patients with chronic obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction and healthy individuals"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Rettschlag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery \u201cOtto K\u00f6rner\u201d, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"BAG ENT Practice Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Barrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Translational Bioinformatics, Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Aging Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Raschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAG ENT Practice Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Mlynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery \u201cOtto K\u00f6rner\u201d, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kreikemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Warnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-5005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R.","family":"Skusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"HNO","first-page":"514","article-title":"Anatomie und Physiologie der Tuba auditiva. 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