{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:07:22Z","timestamp":1790258842816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EUJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for leishmaniasis are considered as highly sensitive, their standardization is still ongoing. In the study presented here, the sensitivity of a commercial real-time PCR assay targeting\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was evaluated with Nigerian skin biopsies from patients with microscopic diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The samples were subjected to two subsequently applied types of nucleic acid extraction and afterwards characterized by two in-house real-time PCR assays targeting kinetoplast DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid) and the small subunit rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. as well as by Sanger sequence analysis of the leishmanial\n                      <jats:italic>hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Subsequently, the VIASURE\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      real-time PCR detection kit (CerTest Biotec, S.L., San Mateo de G\u00e1llego, Zaragoza, Spain) was applied with the DNA eluates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 50 bioptic samples of Nigerian patients with CL, interpretable sequences could be obtained from 30 (60%), showing best matching with\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      in all instances. The VIASURE assay confirmed the abundance of leishmanial DNA in all samples after both DNA extraction schemes, showing slightly better sensitivity compared to the reference PCR assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The VIASURE assay reliably detects\n                      <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      in microscopically positive bioptic samples from Nigerian CL patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2026.00030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:49:37Z","timestamp":1783406977000},"page":"231-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a commercial real-time PCR assay targeting Leishmania spp. with microscopically positive skin biopsies obtained from Nigerian patients"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aishatu Ishaq","family":"Jumare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danlami Elisha","family":"Akafyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Eisenbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-9528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"3008","article-title":"Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: perspectives on immunity, virulence, and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Souza RM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Souza RM, Tuon FF, Lindoso JAL, Viana JVM, Maia IA, Sampaio RNR, et\u00a0al. Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: perspectives on immunity, virulence, and treatment. Biomedicines. 2025;13:3008."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"81","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Pareyn M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pareyn M, Alves F, Burza S, Chakravarty J, Alvar J, Diro E, et\u00a0al. Leishmaniasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2025;11:81."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"375","article-title":"Sand-fly saliva-leishmania-man: the trigger trio","volume":"4","author":"Oliveira F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira F, de Carvalho AM, de Oliveira CI. Sand-fly saliva-leishmania-man: the trigger trio. Front Immunol. 2013;4:375."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Commun Biol","first-page":"305","article-title":"Sand flies: basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites","volume":"5","author":"Cec\u00edlio P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cec\u00edlio P, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Oliveira F. Sand flies: basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites. Commun Biol. 2022;5:305."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"6","article-title":"Interactions between Leishmania parasite and sandfly: a review","volume":"123","author":"Tom A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tom A, Kumar NP, Kumar A, Saini P. Interactions between Leishmania parasite and sandfly: a review. Parasitol Res. 2023;123:6."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"mBio","article-title":"Step-by-step: the CD8 T cell journey in leishmaniasis","volume":"16","author":"Fowler EA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fowler EA, Novais FO. Step-by-step: the CD8 T cell journey in leishmaniasis. mBio. 2025;16:e0353723."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Eur J Clin Invest","article-title":"Harnessing controlled human infection models to accelerate vaccine development for neglected tropical diseases: lessons from leishmaniasis","volume":"17","author":"Parkash V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parkash V. Harnessing controlled human infection models to accelerate vaccine development for neglected tropical diseases: lessons from leishmaniasis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2025;17:e70160."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, management, and research gaps","volume":"13","author":"Enbiale W","year":"2025","unstructured":"Enbiale W, Dassoni F. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, management, and research gaps. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2025;13:llaf548."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Dermatol Clin","first-page":"67","article-title":"Climate change and dermatologic diseases in the Global South: a rising challenge","volume":"44","author":"Enbiale W","year":"2026","unstructured":"Enbiale W. Climate change and dermatologic diseases in the Global South: a rising challenge. Dermatol Clin. 2026;44:67\u201378."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular diagnostics for cutaneous leishmaniasis: progress towards fulfilling the WHO target product profile","volume":"26","author":"Jarzabek J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jarzabek J, Denny PW. Molecular diagnostics for cutaneous leishmaniasis: progress towards fulfilling the WHO target product profile. Parasitology. 2025;26:1\u201370."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"489","article-title":"Infectious dermatological conditions among refugee and immigrant populations:\u00a0a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Burke OM","year":"2026","unstructured":"Burke OM, Yang S, Beer J, Htet KZ, Elman SA. Infectious dermatological conditions among refugee and immigrant populations:\u00a0a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2026;65:489\u2013504."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Rapid identification of Leishmania spp. in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization","volume":"17","author":"Frickmann H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frickmann H, Alnamar Y, Essig A, Clos J, Racz P, Barth TF, et\u00a0al. Rapid identification of Leishmania spp. in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17:1117\u201326."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Global landscape of molecular and immunological diagnostic tests for human leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Candia-Puma MA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Candia-Puma MA, Roque-Pumahuanca BM, Machaca-Luque LY, Pola-Romero L, Galdino AS, Machado-de-\u00c1vila RA, et\u00a0al. Global landscape of molecular and immunological diagnostic tests for human leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens. 2025;14:1123."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Acta Trop","article-title":"Emerging trends and Innovative strategies for the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis: a quantum leap from classical to modern era","volume":"270","author":"Nharwal L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nharwal L, Beg MA, Sehgal D, Singh OP, Tiwari A, Selvapandiyan A, et\u00a0al. Emerging trends and Innovative strategies for the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis: a quantum leap from classical to modern era. Acta Trop. 2025;270:107820."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"54","article-title":"Exploring real-time PCR techniques for diagnosing leishmaniasis: key insights from a systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Rihs JB","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rihs JB, Vilela MT, Dos Santos JSC, Caldas S, Leite RS, Mol MPG. Exploring real-time PCR techniques for diagnosing leishmaniasis: key insights from a systematic review. Parasitol Res. 2025;124:54."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Comparative assessment of DNA targets and amplification methods for Leishmania (Viannia) detection in human samples","volume":"102","author":"Rosales-Chilama M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosales-Chilama M, Diaz-Moreno N, Prieto MD, Giraldo-Parra L, Mart\u00ednez-Valencia \u00c1J, Gomez MA. Comparative assessment of DNA targets and amplification methods for Leishmania (Viannia) detection in human samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102:1323\u20137."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","article-title":"PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: a systematic review","volume":"207","author":"Conter CC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, et\u00a0al. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: a systematic review. Exp Parasitol. 2019;207:107773."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"1476","article-title":"High specificity of PCR in diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"24","author":"Al-Dhubaibi MS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Dhubaibi MS, Bahaj SS, Noman A, Alkasser WY, AbdElneam AI, Mohammed GF, et\u00a0al. High specificity of PCR in diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24:1476."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Mapping the burden of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Caldas S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Caldas S, de Souza Filho JA, Santos JSC, de Melo Iani FC, de Oliveira Scarponi CF. Mapping the burden of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2025;30:1261\u20138."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"34","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocols: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Erber AC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erber AC, Sandler PJ, de Avelar DM, Swoboda I, Cota G, Walochnik J. Diagnosis of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocols: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:34."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Plos Negl Trop Dis","article-title":"Test accuracy of polymerase chain reaction methods against conventional diagnostic techniques for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in patients with clinical or epidemiological suspicion of CL: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mesa LE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mesa LE, Manrique R, Muskus C, Robledo SM. Test accuracy of polymerase chain reaction methods against conventional diagnostic techniques for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in patients with clinical or epidemiological suspicion of CL: systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0007981."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Eur J Med Res","first-page":"484","article-title":"Nanobiosensors for revolutionizing parasitic infections diagnosis: a critical review to improve global health with an update on future challenges prospect","volume":"30","author":"Sadr S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadr S, Hajjafari A, Sazmand A, Santucciu C, Masala G, Soroushianfar M, et\u00a0al. Nanobiosensors for revolutionizing parasitic infections diagnosis: a critical review to improve global health with an update on future challenges prospect. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30:484."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Mol Diagn Ther","first-page":"195","article-title":"Advances and challenges in the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis","volume":"29","author":"Mehrotra S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mehrotra S, Tiwari R, Kumar R, Sundar S. Advances and challenges in the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis. Mol Diagn Ther. 2025;29:195\u2013212."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"West Afr Med J","first-page":"92","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria and the Western Sudan","volume":"4","author":"Jelliffe RS","year":"1955 Jun","unstructured":"Jelliffe RS. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria and the Western Sudan. West Afr Med J. 1955 Jun;4:92\u20134."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"West Afr Med J","first-page":"190","article-title":"An unusual case of cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed in Kano, Northern Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"McMillan B","year":"1957","unstructured":"McMillan B. An unusual case of cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed in Kano, Northern Nigeria. West Afr Med J. 1957;6:190\u20131."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"347","article-title":"Clinical and parasitological prevalence of leishmaniasis in school children in Keana, Awe L.G.C. of Plateau State, Nigeria","volume":"88","author":"Agwale SM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Agwale SM, Dondji B, Okolo CJ, Duhlinska DD. Clinical and parasitological prevalence of leishmaniasis in school children in Keana, Awe L.G.C. of Plateau State, Nigeria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1993;88:347."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"84","article-title":"Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria: a preliminary communication","volume":"24","author":"Ikeh EI","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ikeh EI, Ajayi JA, Bello CS. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria: a preliminary communication. Trop Doct. 1994;24:84\u20135."},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Cameroon and neighboring countries: an overview of current status and control challenges","volume":"2","author":"Ngouateu OB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ngouateu OB, Dondji B. Leishmaniasis in Cameroon and neighboring countries: an overview of current status and control challenges. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2022;2:100077."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"274","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Obasi OE","year":"1991","unstructured":"Obasi OE. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:274\u20135."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mastomys natalensis and Tatera gambiana as probable reservoirs of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria","volume":"89","author":"Ikeh EI","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ikeh EI, Ajayi JA, Nwana EJ. Mastomys natalensis and Tatera gambiana as probable reservoirs of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89:25\u20136."},{"key":"B31","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5249","article-title":"Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Mary C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:5249\u201355."},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"583","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction","volume":"65","author":"Wortmann G","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wortmann G, Sweeney C, Houng HS, Aronson N, Stiteler J, Jackson J, et\u00a0al. Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:583\u20137."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Heat-shock protein 70 gene sequencing for Leishmania species typing in European tropical infectious disease clinics","volume":"18","author":"Van der Auwera G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van der Auwera G, Maes I, De Doncker S, Ravel C, Cnops L, Van Esbroeck M, et\u00a0al. Heat-shock protein 70 gene sequencing for Leishmania species typing in European tropical infectious disease clinics. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20543."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"351","author":"Bossuyt PM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, et\u00a0al. STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ. 2015;351:h5527."},{"key":"B35","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"999","article-title":"Screening for resistant bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, sexually transmitted infections and Schistosoma spp. in tissue samples from predominantly vaginally delivered placentae in Ivory Coast and Ghana","volume":"12","author":"Franz R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Franz R, Hahn A, Hagen RM, Rohde H, Eberhardt KA, Ehrhardt S, et\u00a0al. Screening for resistant bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, sexually transmitted infections and Schistosoma spp. in tissue samples from predominantly vaginally delivered placentae in Ivory Coast and Ghana. Pathogens. 2023;12:999."},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"826","article-title":"Comparison of three In-House real PCR assays targeting kinetoplast DNA, the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the Glucose-6-Phosphate isomerase gene for the detection of Leishmania spp. in human serum","volume":"10","author":"Tanida K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanida K, Balczun C, Hahn A, Veit A, Nickel B, Poppert S, et\u00a0al. Comparison of three In-House real PCR assays targeting kinetoplast DNA, the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the Glucose-6-Phosphate isomerase gene for the detection of Leishmania spp. in human serum. Pathogens. 2021;10:826."},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Methods","first-page":"419","article-title":"Quantitation of viral load using real-time amplification techniques","volume":"25","author":"Niesters HG","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niesters HG. Quantitation of viral load using real-time amplification techniques. Methods. 2001;25:419\u201329."},{"key":"B38","article-title":"DNA Subway 2.0","unstructured":"DNA Subway 2.0. Available online: https:\/\/dnasubway.org\/create\/blue (last accessed 28 March 2026)."},{"key":"B39","series-title":"J Am Stat Assoc","first-page":"52","article-title":"Multiple comparisons among means","volume":"56","author":"Dunn OJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dunn OJ. Multiple comparisons among means. J Am Stat Assoc. 2021;56:52\u201364."},{"key":"B40","series-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of polymerase chain reaction against giemsa staining on tissue biopsy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"34","author":"Khalid A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalid A, Gill MM, Mirza IA, Naqvi SH, Gardezi SAH, Sajjad R. Diagnostic accuracy of polymerase chain reaction against giemsa staining on tissue biopsy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2024;34:1024\u20138."},{"key":"B41","series-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity of the VIASURE\u00a0Leishmania real-time PCR detection kit prototype for the diagnosis of cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"2023","author":"Arnau A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnau A, Abras A, Ballart C, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ar\u00e9valo A, Torrico MC, Tebar S, et\u00a0al. Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity of the VIASURE\u00a0Leishmania real-time PCR detection kit prototype for the diagnosis of cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2023;2023:1172087."},{"key":"B42","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07440-y","article-title":"Integrating molecular tools into leishmaniosis surveillance: evaluation of a commercial qPCR kit in sand fly vectors","author":"Dehesa-Garc\u00eda B","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dehesa-Garc\u00eda B, Alonso H, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cervera-Acedo C, Mart\u00ednez-Dur\u00e1n D, Delacour S, et\u00a0al. Integrating molecular tools into leishmaniosis surveillance: evaluation of a commercial qPCR kit in sand fly vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2026;Epub ahead of print. 10.1186\/s13071-026-07440-yhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-026-07440-y."},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Ghana Med J","first-page":"94","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis in west Africa","volume":"39","author":"Boakye DA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boakye DA, Wilson M, Kweku M. A review of leishmaniasis in west Africa. Ghana Med J. 2005;39:94\u20137."},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)","first-page":"94","article-title":"Comparison of an automated nucleic acid extraction system with the column-based procedure","volume":"5","author":"Frickmann H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frickmann H, Hinz R, Hagen RM. Comparison of an automated nucleic acid extraction system with the column-based procedure. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2015;5:94\u2013102."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/16\/3\/article-p231.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/16\/3\/article-p231.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/1886\/16\/3\/article-p231.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:48:40Z","timestamp":1790257720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/1886\/16\/3\/article-p231.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2026.00030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-509X","2062-8633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-509X","type":"print"},{"value":"2062-8633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}