{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:07:24Z","timestamp":1790258844116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EUJMI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens is primarily attributed to resistance genes, yet persistent infections despite appropriate therapy implicate immune evasion as an independent driver of treatment failure. Although immune-evasion mechanisms have been extensively characterized in individual pathogens, their shared architecture across the ESKAPE group remains insufficiently integrated. This review synthesizes current evidence to show that phylogenetically diverse ESKAPE pathogens have convergently evolved conserved strategies to evade host immunity under comparable selective pressures. A cross-pathogen immune-evasion framework emerges, encompassing impaired pathogen recognition, complement inhibition, phagocyte dysfunction, immunometabolic reprogramming, biofilm-mediated protection, and persistence-promoting inflammation, together with pathogen-specific virulence mechanisms. These processes intersect with adaptive immune dysfunction and emerging concepts, including quorum-sensing-mediated immunomodulation, trained immunity, and the itaconate\u2013succinate immunometabolic axis, forming an interconnected persistence network rather than isolated virulence traits. This systems-level perspective identifies conserved host-directed therapeutic targets that may complement conventional antimicrobial therapy across species. However, host-directed therapies, immunotherapeutics, and vaccines remain largely preclinical or have shown inconsistent clinical efficacy. Mechanistic evidence is strongest for\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas substantial knowledge gaps persist for\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Overcoming persistent ESKAPE infections will require targeting conserved host\u2013pathogen interactions alongside pathogen-specific antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2026.00041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:12:11Z","timestamp":1788527531000},"page":"189-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convergent evolution of immune evasion in\u00a0ESKAPE pathogens: A cross-pathogen architecture of conserved host-defense checkpoints"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0436-6590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Umida","family":"Nabieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Human Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9231-3992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dilorom","family":"Abdusamatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5110-668X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aziz","family":"Kubaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-7088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nigora","family":"Turdiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Preschool and Primary Education, Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-6556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kamol","family":"Komilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tashkent University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Tashkent, Uzbekistan"},{"name":"University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. 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