{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:18:35Z","timestamp":1791559115965,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST Action CA16207 \u201cEuropean Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet\u201d, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). www.cost.eu."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p\/><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gambling and gaming disorders have been included as \u201cdisorders due to addictive behaviors\u201d in the <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic> (ICD-11). Other problematic behaviors may be considered as \u201cother specified disorders due to addictive behaviors (6C5Y).\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Narrative review, experts' opinions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We suggest the following meta-level criteria for considering potential addictive behaviors as fulfilling the category of \u201cother specified disorders due to addictive behaviors\u201d:<\/jats:p><jats:p>1. Clinical relevance: Empirical evidence from multiple scientific studies demonstrates that the specific potential addictive behavior is clinically relevant and individuals experience negative consequences and functional impairments in daily life due to the problematic and potentially addictive behavior.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. Theoretical embedding: Current theories and theoretical models belonging to the field of research on addictive behaviors describe and explain most appropriately the candidate phenomenon of a potential addictive behavior.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. Empirical evidence: Data based on self-reports, clinical interviews, surveys, behavioral experiments, and, if available, biological investigations (neural, physiological, genetic) suggest that psychological (and neurobiological) mechanisms involved in other addictive behaviors are also valid for the candidate phenomenon. Varying degrees of support for problematic forms of pornography use, buying and shopping, and use of social networks are available. These conditions may fit the category of \u201cother specified disorders due to addictive behaviors\u201d.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is important not to over-pathologize everyday-life behavior while concurrently not trivializing conditions that are of clinical importance and that deserve public health considerations. The proposed meta-level-criteria may help guide both research efforts and clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T19:49:27Z","timestamp":1595620167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"title":["Which conditions should be considered as disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) designation of \u201cother specified disorders due to addictive behaviors\u201d?"],"prefix":"10.1556","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-9542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Brand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"},{"name":"2Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00dcrgen","family":"Rumpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP (Substance Use and Related Disorders: Treatment, Epidemiology, and Prevention), University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"M\u00dcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"7Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Goudriaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"10Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"11Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Trotzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"},{"name":"2Erwin L. 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