{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T03:57:56Z","timestamp":1784433476819,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JBA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maladaptive Daydreaming (MD) is a proposed mental disorder, in which absorption in rich, narrative fantasy becomes addictive and compulsive, resulting in emotional, social, vocational, or academic dysfunction. Most studies on MD were carried out on aggregated international samples, using translated versions of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS-16). However, it is unknown whether the properties of MD are affected by culture. Thus, we investigated the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the MDS-16.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited both individuals self-identified as suffering from MD and non-clinical community participants from four countries: the USA, Italy, Turkey, and the UK (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,081).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Configural invariance was shown, suggesting that the hypothesized four-factor structure of the MDS-16 (including Yearning, Impairment, Kinesthesia, and Music) holds across cultures. Metric invariance was shown for Impairment, Kinesthesia, and Music, but not for Yearning, suggesting that the psychological meaning of the latter factor may be understood differently across cultures. Scalar invariance was not found, as MD levels were higher in the USA and UK, probably due to the over-representation of English-speaking members of MD communities, who volunteered for the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that the urge to be absorbed in daydreaming and the fantasies\u2019 comforting and addictive properties may have different meanings across countries, but the interference of MD to one\u2019s daily life and its obstruction of long-term goals may be the central defining factor of MD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T03:10:37Z","timestamp":1604718637000},"page":"1056-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Different cultures, similar daydream addiction? An examination of the cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8778-798X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nirit","family":"Soffer-Dudek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Somer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham M.","family":"Abu-Rayya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Israel"},{"name":"3School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"Metin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Faculty of Medicine, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Schimmenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.696166","article-title":"Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons","volume":"69","author":"McCrae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.374","article-title":"Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder","volume":"108","author":"Wakefield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.08.013","article-title":"Compulsive fantasy: Proposed evidence of an under-reported syndrome through a systematic study of 90 self-identified non-normative fantasizers","volume":"20","author":"Bigelsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref701","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180802126745","article-title":"From have nots to watch dogs: Understanding internet health communication behaviors of online senior citizens","volume":"11","author":"McMillan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.020","article-title":"Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey","volume":"6","author":"Lopez-Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020597026919","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: A qualitative inquiry","volume":"32","author":"Somer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.662859","article-title":"Behavioral addictions: An overview","volume":"44","author":"Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007911903032","article-title":"Multi-group latent variable models for varying numbers of items and factors with cross-national and longitudinal applications","volume":"9","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Marketing Letters"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"171","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Arabic 16-item maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS-16-AR) in a multicountry Arab sample","volume":"6","author":"Abu-Rayya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"ref761","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030010","article-title":"Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: A process\u2013occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity","volume":"139","author":"Smallwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00262-2","article-title":"Epidemiological challenges in the study of behavioral addictions: A call for high standard methodologies","volume":"6","author":"Rumpf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.03.017","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: Evidence for an under-researched mental health disorder","volume":"42","author":"Bigelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.662859","article-title":"Behavioral addictions: An overview","volume":"44","author":"Karim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12186","article-title":"Dissociative absorption, mind-wandering, and attention-deficit symptoms: Associations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Soffer-Dudek","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref581","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref1061","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112799","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming and emotional regulation difficulties: A network analysis","volume":"285","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1038","article-title":"Cross-cultural research on the five-factor model of personality","volume":"4","author":"McCrae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Online Readings in Psychology and Culture"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"36","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"Browne","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2019.1594240","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS\u201316) in an Italian sample","volume":"102","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref571","first-page":"171","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Arabic 16-item maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS-16-AR) in a multicountry Arab sample","volume":"6","author":"Abu-Rayya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00656","article-title":"The decoupled mind: Mind-wandering disrupts cortical phase-locking to perceptual events","volume":"26","author":"Baird","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.025","article-title":"Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction","volume":"108","author":"Perales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030010","article-title":"Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: A process\u2013occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity","volume":"139","author":"Smallwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.003","article-title":"The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality","volume":"2","author":"Andreassen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref1121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.76","article-title":"The association of celebrity worship with problematic Internet use, maladaptive daydreaming, and desire for fame","volume":"7","author":"Zsila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020597026919","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: A qualitative inquiry","volume":"32","author":"Somer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.12.001","article-title":"Development and validation of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS)","volume":"39","author":"Somer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015331","article-title":"The science of mind wandering: Empirically navigating the stream of consciousness","volume":"66","author":"Smallwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref651","first-page":"36","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"Browne","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164403251332","article-title":"Testing configural, metric, scalar, and latent mean invariance across genders in sociotropy and autonomy using a non-western sample","volume":"63","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180802126745","article-title":"From have nots to watch dogs: Understanding internet health communication behaviors of online senior citizens","volume":"11","author":"McMillan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"ref911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2019.1594240","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS\u201316) in an Italian sample","volume":"102","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.025","article-title":"Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction","volume":"108","author":"Perales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.587455","article-title":"Heightened levels of maladaptive daydreaming are associated with COVID-19 lockdown, pre-existing psychiatric diagnoses, and intensified psychological dysfunctions: A multi-country study","author":"Somer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref1101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/0276236619864277","article-title":"Empathy, emotion regulation and creativity in immersive daydreaming","volume":"39","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Imagination, Cognition and Personality"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.020","article-title":"Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey","volume":"6","author":"Lopez-Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.95","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming as a new form of behavioral addiction","volume":"7","author":"Pietkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioural Addictions"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192439","article-title":"A wandering mind is an unhappy mind","volume":"330","author":"Killingsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1038","article-title":"Cross-cultural research on the five-factor model of personality","volume":"4","author":"McCrae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Online Readings in Psychology and Culture"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.1.0","article-title":"Behavioral addictions: Past, present and future","volume":"1","author":"Demetrovics","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000685","article-title":"The comorbidity of daydreaming disorder (maladaptive daydreaming)","volume":"205","author":"Somer","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"ref201","volume-title":"Daydreaming: Using waking fantasy and imagery for self-knowledge and creativity","author":"Klinger","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"ref491","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.10.002","article-title":"Excessive daydreaming: A case history and discussion of mind wandering and high fantasy proneness","volume":"18","author":"Schupak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616673363","article-title":"Clinical psychological science: Then and now","volume":"5","author":"Lilienfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.005","article-title":"Behavioral addictions","volume":"30","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2016.1160463","article-title":"Parallel lives: A phenomenological study of the lived experience of maladaptive daydreaming","volume":"17","author":"Somer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Dissociation"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007911903032","article-title":"Multi-group latent variable models for varying numbers of items and factors with cross-national and longitudinal applications","volume":"9","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Marketing Letters"},{"key":"ref731","volume-title":"LISREL 7. A guide to the program and applications","author":"J\u00f6reskog","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref721","first-page":"242","article-title":"Validation of the Hebrew version of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS-H): Evidence for a generalizable measure of pathological daydreaming","volume":"6","author":"Jopp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616673363","article-title":"Clinical psychological science: Then and now","volume":"5","author":"Lilienfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref1131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109511","article-title":"A path analytic review of the association between psychiatric symptoms and celebrity worship: The mediating role of maladaptive daydreaming and desire for fame","volume":"151","author":"Zsila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112799","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming and emotional regulation difficulties: A network analysis","volume":"285","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192439","article-title":"A wandering mind is an unhappy mind","volume":"330","author":"Killingsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.03.017","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: Evidence for an under-researched mental health disorder","volume":"42","author":"Bigelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015331","article-title":"The science of mind wandering: Empirically navigating the stream of consciousness","volume":"66","author":"Smallwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.03.020","article-title":"Cross-cultural study of problematic internet use in nine European countries","volume":"84","author":"Laconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.696166","article-title":"Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons","volume":"69","author":"McCrae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref361","volume-title":"Daydreaming","author":"Singer","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000685","article-title":"The comorbidity of daydreaming disorder (maladaptive daydreaming)","volume":"205","author":"Somer","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"ref1041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2016.1160463","article-title":"Parallel lives: A phenomenological study of the lived experience of maladaptive daydreaming","volume":"17","author":"Somer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Dissociation"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.1.0","article-title":"Behavioral addictions: Past, present and future","volume":"1","author":"Demetrovics","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.587455","article-title":"Heightened levels of maladaptive daydreaming are associated with COVID-19 lockdown, pre-existing psychiatric diagnoses, and intensified psychological dysfunctions: A multi-country study","author":"Somer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615622383","article-title":"Spontaneous thought and vulnerability to mood disorders: The dark side of the wandering mind","volume":"4","author":"Marchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5964\/ejcop.v6i1.120","article-title":"Use of multi-group confirmatory factor Analysis in examining measurement invariance in counseling psychology research","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"The European Journal of Counselling Psychology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.08.013","article-title":"Compulsive fantasy: Proposed evidence of an under-reported syndrome through a systematic study of 90 self-identified non-normative fantasizers","volume":"20","author":"Bigelsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.113","article-title":"Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework","volume":"17","author":"Christoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.12.001","article-title":"Development and validation of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS)","volume":"39","author":"Somer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref931","volume-title":"Daydreaming","author":"Singer","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0763-5_2","article-title":"The cross-cultural generalizability of the Five-Factor model of personality","volume-title":"International and cultural psychology series. The Five-Factor model of personality across cultures","author":"Rolland","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref1111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5964\/ejcop.v6i1.120","article-title":"Use of multi-group confirmatory factor Analysis in examining measurement invariance in counseling psychology research","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"The European Journal of Counselling Psychology"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164403251332","article-title":"Testing configural, metric, scalar, and latent mean invariance across genders in sociotropy and autonomy using a non-western sample","volume":"63","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref1071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002","article-title":"A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research","volume":"3","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"ref871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.95","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming as a new form of behavioral addiction","volume":"7","author":"Pietkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioural Addictions"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615622383","article-title":"Spontaneous thought and vulnerability to mood disorders: The dark side of the wandering mind","volume":"4","author":"Marchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.005","article-title":"Behavioral addictions","volume":"30","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-007-9143-x","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance using multigroup CFA: Differences between educational groups in human values measurement","volume":"43","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.03.020","article-title":"Cross-cultural study of problematic internet use in nine European countries","volume":"84","author":"Laconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00262-2","article-title":"Epidemiological challenges in the study of behavioral addictions: A call for high standard methodologies","volume":"6","author":"Rumpf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"key":"ref161","volume-title":"LISREL 7. A guide to the program and applications","author":"J\u00f6reskog","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/0276236619864277","article-title":"Empathy, emotion regulation and creativity in immersive daydreaming","volume":"39","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Imagination, Cognition and Personality"},{"key":"ref1031","first-page":"176","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: Proposed diagnostic criteria and their assessment with a structured clinical interview","volume":"4","author":"Somer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness"},{"key":"ref1091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.374","article-title":"Evolutionary versus prototype analyses of the concept of disorder","volume":"108","author":"Wakefield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12186","article-title":"Dissociative absorption, mind-wandering, and attention-deficit symptoms: Associations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Soffer-Dudek","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109511","article-title":"A path analytic review of the association between psychiatric symptoms and celebrity worship: The mediating role of maladaptive daydreaming and desire for fame","volume":"151","author":"Zsila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref1081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.3.373","article-title":"The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values","volume":"47","author":"Wakefield","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"242","article-title":"Validation of the Hebrew version of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS-H): Evidence for a generalizable measure of pathological daydreaming","volume":"6","author":"Jopp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00194","article-title":"Trapped in a daydream: Daily elevations in Maladaptive Daydreaming are associated with daily psychopathological symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Soffer-Dudek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.003","article-title":"The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality","volume":"2","author":"Andreassen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.3.373","article-title":"The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values","volume":"47","author":"Wakefield","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225529","article-title":"A daily diary study on maladaptive daydreaming, mind wandering, and sleep disturbances: Examining within-person and between-persons relations","volume":"14","author":"Marcusson-Clavertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref991","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: Ontological analysis, treatment rationale; a pilot case report","volume":"1","author":"Somer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in the Psychotherapy of Trauma and Dissociation"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0763-5_2","article-title":"The cross-cultural generalizability of the Five-Factor model of personality","volume-title":"International and cultural psychology series. The Five-Factor model of personality across cultures","author":"Rolland","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.10.002","article-title":"Excessive daydreaming: A case history and discussion of mind wandering and high fantasy proneness","volume":"18","author":"Schupak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002","article-title":"A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research","volume":"3","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00194","article-title":"Trapped in a daydream: Daily elevations in Maladaptive Daydreaming are associated with daily psychopathological symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Soffer-Dudek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.76","article-title":"The association of celebrity worship with problematic Internet use, maladaptive daydreaming, and desire for fame","volume":"7","author":"Zsila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"176","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: Proposed diagnostic criteria and their assessment with a structured clinical interview","volume":"4","author":"Somer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness"},{"key":"ref1051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-007-9143-x","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance using multigroup CFA: Differences between educational groups in human values measurement","volume":"43","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225529","article-title":"A daily diary study on maladaptive daydreaming, mind wandering, and sleep disturbances: Examining within-person and between-persons relations","volume":"14","author":"Marcusson-Clavertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref771","volume-title":"Daydreaming: Using waking fantasy and imagery for self-knowledge and creativity","author":"Klinger","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00656","article-title":"The decoupled mind: Mind-wandering disrupts cortical phase-locking to perceptual events","volume":"26","author":"Baird","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maladaptive daydreaming: Ontological analysis, treatment rationale; a pilot case report","volume":"1","author":"Somer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in the Psychotherapy of Trauma and Dissociation"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.113","article-title":"Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework","volume":"17","author":"Christoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"ref191","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavioral Addictions"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/9\/4\/article-p1056.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2006\/9\/4\/article-p1056.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T03:32:35Z","timestamp":1637379155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/9\/4\/article-p1056.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2020.00080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-5871","2063-5303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-5871","type":"print"},{"value":"2063-5303","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]}}}