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Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In total, 49 studies (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n = 55 sub-samples,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0= 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23\u00a0out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Registration detail<\/jats:title>\n PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:33:48Z","timestamp":1663043628000},"page":"667-688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-0309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"B\u00e4cklund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Laboratoriev\u00e4gen 14, 971 87, Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1717-240X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pia","family":"Elbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Laboratoriev\u00e4gen 14, 971 87, Lule\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Sciences, Ume\u00e5 Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3256-9018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanna M.","family":"Gavelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-9966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel Eriksson","family":"S\u00f6rman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Laboratoriev\u00e4gen 14, 971 87, Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-3270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica K.","family":"Ljungberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Education and Technology, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Laboratoriev\u00e4gen 14, 971 87, Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00050","article-title":"The big five personality traits and online gaming: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Akbari, M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akbari, M.\n , \n Seydavi, M.\n , \n Spada, M.\n , \n Mohammadkhani, S.\n , \n Jamshidi,\u00a0S.\n , \n Jamaloo, A.\n , & \n Ayatmehr, F.\n \n (2021). 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Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming\u2014A psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks. \n Journal Of Clinical Medicine\n , 8(10), 1691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8101691.10.3390\/jcm8101691"},{"key":"B102","series-title":"JBI manual for evidence synthesis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-08","article-title":"Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk","author":"Moola, S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moola, S.\n , \n Munn, Z.\n , \n Tufanaru, C.\n , \n Aromataris, E.\n , \n Sears, K.\n , \n Sfetcu, R\n , \u2026 \n Mu, P.-F.\n \n (2020). Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In \n \n E. \n Aromataris\n , & \n Z. \n Munn\n \n (Eds.), \n JBI manual for evidence synthesis\n . JBI. 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Psychometric properties of the problematic online gaming questionnaire short-form and prevalence of problematic online gaming in a national sample of adolescents. \n Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking\n , 16(5), 340\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2012.0484.10.1089\/cyber.2012.0484"},{"issue":"3","key":"B107","series-title":"Addiction Research & Theory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/1606635310001634500","article-title":"Personality traits in pathological gambling: Sensation seeking, deferment of gratification and competitiveness as risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Parke, A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parke, A.\n , \n Griffiths, M.\n , & \n Irwing, P.\n \n (2004). 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Online gaming and internet gaming disorder in Iran: Patterns, motivations, and correlates. \n Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues\n . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-021-02490-0.10.1007\/s12144-021-02490-0"},{"issue":"feb10 2","key":"B111","series-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley, R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riley, R.\n , \n Higgins, J.\n , & \n Deeks, J.\n \n (2011). 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