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Despite different neuroendocrine measures having been associated with both gambling disorder (GD) and food addiction (FA), how appetite-regulating hormones may relate to the co-occurrence of both entities remain incompletely understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) between patients with GD, with and without FA, and to explore the association between circulating hormonal concentrations and neuropsychological and clinical features in individuals with GD and FA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample included 297 patients diagnosed with GD (93.6% males). None of the patients with GD had lifetime diagnosis of an eating disorder. FA was evaluated with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. All patients were assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery including neuropsychological tasks. Blood samples to measure hormonal variables and anthropometric variables were also collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the total sample, FA was observed in\u00a023 participants (FA+) (7.7% of the sample, 87% males). When\u00a0compared participants with and without FA, those with FA+ presented both higher body mass index (BMI) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and\u00a0leptin concentrations, after adjusting for BMI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.013). In patients with FA, leptin concentrations positively correlated with impulsivity, poorer cognitive flexibility, and poorer inhibitory control. Other endocrine measures did not differ between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study implicates leptin in co-occurring GD and FA. Among these patients, leptin concentration has been associated with clinical and neuropsychological features, such as impulsivity and cognitive performance in certain domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T16:16:15Z","timestamp":1697559375000},"page":"1019-1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Plasma concentration of leptin is related to food addiction in gambling disorder: Clinical and neuropsychological implications"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5924-8495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mikel","family":"Etxandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 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