{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:25:04Z","timestamp":1763018704860,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024500","name":"Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GR11\/20\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR11\/20\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JBA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19 lockdowns limited access to gambling but simultaneously elevated psychosocial stressors. This study assessed the relative effects of these changes on gambling risk status during and after the Australian COVID-19 lockdown from late-March to late-May 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study administered three surveys to people who had gambled within the past year at T1. Wave 1 asked about before (T1, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2,125) and during lockdown (T2, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2,125). Subsequent surveys focused on one year (T3; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 649) and two years after lockdown (T4, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 458). The dependent variable was changes in reporting any problem gambling symptoms (PGSI 0 vs 1+). Bivariate analyses and multinomial logistic regression tested for significant associations with: demographics, psychosocial stressors (perceived stress, psychological distress, loneliness, health anxiety about COVID, financial hardship, stressful life events), gambling participation and gambling frequency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gambling participation and at-risk gambling decreased between T1 and T2, increased at T3, with little further change at T4. When gambling availability was curtailed, decreased gambling frequency on EGMs, casino games, sports betting or race betting, and lower psychosocial stress, were associated with transitions from at-risk to non-problem gambling. When gambling availability resumed, increased EGM gambling frequency, decreased online gambling frequency, and higher psychosocial stress were associated with transitions from non-problem to at-risk gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gambling availability appears a stronger influence on gambling problems, at the population level, than psychosocial risk factors. Reducing the supply of high-risk gambling products, particularly EGMs, is likely to reduce gambling harm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T09:12:03Z","timestamp":1707815523000},"page":"146-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The COVID-19 lockdown experience suggests that restricting the supply of gambling can reduce gambling problems: An Australian prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2150-9784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nerilee","family":"Hing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 6 University Dr, Branyan, QLD 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3685-7220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex M.T.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1539-5116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vijay","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 120 Spencer St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4162-9414","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabrielle M.","family":"Bryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 6 University Dr, Branyan, QLD 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-6229","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 6 University Dr, Branyan, QLD 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-2690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Rockloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 6 University Dr, Branyan, QLD 4670, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-2911","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah B.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 44 Greenhill Rd, Wayville, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-9254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip","family":"Newall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-2407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicki A.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-6121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Merkouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Psychology, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7491-7669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STRS Consultant Services, Brinkin, NT, 0810, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Addiction","first-page":"2968","article-title":"A meta\u2010analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population","volume":"116","author":"Allami, Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allami, Y., Hodgins, D. 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