{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:27:20Z","timestamp":1791322040057,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P000PS_211887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P000PS_211887"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JBA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming (C-DOG; Giardina et\u00a0al., 2024) model, we proposed a continuum from compensatory to dissociative gaming involvement. This continuum represents different degrees of integration between physical and virtual environments with three core processes \u2013 Active Escapism, Escape, and Dissociation \u2013 and two peripheral processes \u2013 Gaming-Related Relaxation and Body-Mind Detachment. Here, we developed and tested a multidimensional measure based on this model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We capitalized on existing items for measuring escapism and dissociation and we generated new items consistent with the hypothesized model dimensions. A total of 54 items were administered to 1,176 online gamers playing different game genres, together with measures of problematic gaming, passion for gaming, and other psychological distress indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a six-factor, 36-item structure, with multiple hierarchical regression analyses highlighting unique associations with other psychological constructs assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The following factors were identified: (1)\n                      <jats:italic>Emotional Displacement<\/jats:italic>\n                      - redirection of negative emotion into the game with associated relaxation; (2)\n                      <jats:italic>Absorption<\/jats:italic>\n                      - detachment of the player from time and space while gaming; (3)\n                      <jats:italic>Active Escapism<\/jats:italic>\n                      - simulative use of the game to compensate for lack of self-confidence in reaching physical life objectives; (4)\n                      <jats:italic>Virtual Withdrawal<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013 maladaptive gaming to balance impaired social functioning, predicted by traumatic experiences and pervasive depression; (5)\n                      <jats:italic>Dissociative Regulation<\/jats:italic>\n                      - dysfunctional level of engagement associated with excessive anxiety; (6)\n                      <jats:italic>Failure Escape<\/jats:italic>\n                      - problematic avoidance via gaming related to fear of future failures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The C-DOG factors identify critical psychological processes associated with problematic gaming, with relevant research and clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T14:44:01Z","timestamp":1732632241000},"page":"1028-1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["From active escapism to virtual withdrawal: Validation of the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming scales (C-DOGs)"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-4290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giardina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6743-6456","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lo\u00efs","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-6995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vladan","family":"Starcevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1762-2581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9998-0552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Di Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-2648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adriano","family":"Schimmenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE \u2013 Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-6194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Billieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Computers in Human Behavior","first-page":"220","article-title":"Satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs in the real world and in video games predict internet gaming disorder scores and well-being","volume":"84","author":"Allen, J. 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