{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:04:48Z","timestamp":1793419488832,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Unit ACSID","award":["FOR2974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR2974"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["411232260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411232260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JBA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of behavioral addictions is used relatively often as a scientific framework to specify research hypotheses and to interpret empirical findings in behavioral addiction research. There are, however, controversial interpretations in the literature regarding some specific elements of the model, which may require a more precise definition of specific constructs and processes that are central to the I-PACE model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is neither a comprehensive literature review nor a proposal for a new version of the I-PACE model. We aim to provide a selective, critical evaluation of some interpretations of the model and to include recent developments regarding addiction theories and controversial debates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of gratification and compensation and therefore positive and negative reinforcement are specified. The concepts of cue-reactivity\u00a0and craving are considered in the context of desire thinking and permissive beliefs. The relationships between impulsive, habitual, and compulsive behaviors in behavioral addictions are discussed. The effects of general self-control and situation-specific executive functions are elaborated. Punishment (in)sensitivity is discussed as a further important process potentially involved in behavioral addictions. These constructs and processes (through their interactions) are considered in the context of changes over time in the course of addictive behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This viewpoint article aims to provide greater precision and clarity regarding some specific elements of the I-PACE model, which may help stimulate research and theory building and advance clinical care in the behavioral addiction field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T11:58:56Z","timestamp":1741607936000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Current interpretations of the I-PACE model of\u00a0behavioral addictions"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-9542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Brand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6176-2947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Astrid","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-979X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa","family":"Wegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-968X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Antons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7646-2338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annika","family":"Brandtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-2661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silke M.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-5280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg und Giessen, Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"LOEWE Center DYNAMIC, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-0627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabine","family":"Steins-Loeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-1354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, USA"},{"name":"Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Nature Neuroscience","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective","volume":"8","author":"Bechara, A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bechara, A. 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