{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:06:29Z","timestamp":1791461189477,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technology (MSIT), Government of Korea","award":["NRF-2021R1A5A8032895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A5A8032895"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technology (MSIT), Government of Korea","award":["NRF-2022M3C1B6080866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3C1B6080866"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["RS-2023-00224823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00224823"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003665","name":"National IT Industry Promotion Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["H0601-24-1017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H0601-24-1017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JBA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to identify the differences in characteristics between high- and low-risk smartphone users among individuals with insomnia symptoms using digital phenotyping and clinical assessments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 246 participants with insomnia symptoms (\n M<\/jats:italic>\n = 31.14, SD\u00a0=\u00a010.09) were monitored for four weeks using the smartphone application and wearable devices. The participants were divided into high-(\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 141) and low-risk (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 105) smartphone overuse groups based on a Smartphone Overuse Screening Questionnaire. Clinical scale results and wearable data were analyzed using ANCOVA and logistic regression, controlling for age, sex, and BMI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n After covariate adjustment, the high-risk group showed significantly greater biological rhythm disruption (K-BRIAN: LS-mean difference = 6.86,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.000), more severe insomnia (ISI index: aOR: 2.63,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.0005), and poorer sleep quality (PSQI-K: aOR: 2.41,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0015). Psychological distress, including depression (PHQ-9 index: aOR: 2.77,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0001) and anxiety (GAD-7 index: aOR: 1.59,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0059), was more pronounced in the high-risk group. Bedtime procrastination (BPS index: aOR: 1.96,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.0173) and stress reactivity to insomnia (FIRST index: aOR: 1.67,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0574) were significantly elevated. Digital phenotyping revealed persistent differences in minimum daytime heart rate and exercise intensity patterns, while many activity-related measures lost significance after adjustment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Smartphone overuse is independently associated with severe circadian disruption, insomnia, and psychological distress. The integrated assessment approach revealed critical biomarkers and behavioral patterns. Targeted interventions focused on circadian stabilization and behavioral sleep patterns may improve sleep quality and mental health outcomes in this population. Longitudinal research is needed to establish causality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T14:39:26Z","timestamp":1767710366000},"page":"289-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multidimensional analysis of smartphone overuse in insomnia: Integrating digital phenotyping with clinical assessment"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0097-1524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0935-7747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyungju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Management Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2770-6056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2791-2918","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seojin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1323-7561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0038-2101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji Won","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-0265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung Pil","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-2383","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heon-Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-825X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taesu","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Management Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-9680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chul-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"B1","series-title":"Information, Communication & Society","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Social isolation, social support and their relationship with smartphone addiction","volume":"24","author":"Al-Kandari, Y. 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