{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T07:50:55Z","timestamp":1786261855506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JBA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social media increasingly shapes body image by promoting often unattainable beauty ideals. Concurrently, targeted online marketing of image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) exploits these vulnerabilities, intensifying anxiety and fostering maladaptive behaviours such as problematic usage of the internet (PUI), compulsive exercise, and IPEDs consumption. This study explores these behaviours across nine countries and examines how PUI, excessive exercise, and IPEDs use predict appearance anxiety, aiming to inform targeted prevention strategies for at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3,514 participants from nine countries completed a web-based survey assessing sociodemographic data, appearance anxiety (AAI), problematic internet use (PIUQ-9), excessive exercise (EAI-R), and IPEDs intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Appearance-related anxiety was observed in 12% of the participants, with the highest prevalence in Mexico (20.7%), Japan (13.8%) and Italy (13.6%). Median PUI scores were highest in Mexico (22.57) and Singapore (21.59). Excessive exercise was reported by 3.6% with no significant country differences. IPEDs use was reported by 28.3% of the sample, with the highest rates in Japan (60.6%). Logistic regression analyses revealed that PUI, excessive exercise and IPEDs use were significant predictors of appearance-related anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The strong associations between PUI, excessive exercise, IPEDs use, and appearance anxiety underscore the complex interplay between online exposure, body image concerns and mental health. Cross-country differences suggest that socio-cultural factors influence appearance-related anxiety. These findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive interventions and policy measures that address the impact of digital media on body image, particularly to protect vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:23:14Z","timestamp":1781270594000},"page":"704-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From social media to body image distress: Problematic internet use, exercise addiction, and enhancement drugs use across countries"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-9816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Artemisa R.","family":"Dores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIR, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-2151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julius","family":"Burkaukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8101-533X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agne","family":"Stanyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-3504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aiste","family":"Pranckeviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology Department, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-4442","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7606-9675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Zandonai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Simonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5051-5262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilaria","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-0218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Carollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-6573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krisztina Edina","family":"\u00c1bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-4304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Attila","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Kov\u00e1csik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7422-7190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hironobu","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Ethics and Society Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-1913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mami","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Girleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-4492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandra Rebeca","family":"Melero Ventola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, Universidad de Salamanca, 37005, Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-4162","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Santos-Labrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004, Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-159X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nelson","family":"Bruno de Almeida Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9700-5227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Penazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1668-8333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-9029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lambros","family":"Lazuras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Sport Science, & Wellbeing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-0254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"},{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-7551","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-319X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ornella","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Science Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy"},{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Social Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci13060305","article-title":"Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Abdoli, M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural differences in body image: A systematic review. Social Sciences, 13(6), 305. 10.3390\/socsci13060305https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci13060305"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102280","article-title":"Gender-related differences in self-reported problematic exercise symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Alcaraz-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alcaraz-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., Paterna, A., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Sicilia, \u00c1. (2022). Gender-related differences in self-reported problematic exercise symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102280. 10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102280https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102280"},{"issue":"2","key":"B3","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020585","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between body dissatisfaction and morbid exercise behaviour","volume":"18","author":"Alcaraz-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alcaraz-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., Paterna, A., Sicilia, \u00c1., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between body dissatisfaction and morbid exercise behaviour. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 585. 10.3390\/ijerph18020585https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020585"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). 10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Addictive Behaviors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey","volume":"64","author":"Andreassen, C. S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287\u2013293. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"PLoS ONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233655","article-title":"Mexican and Spanish university students' internet addiction and academic procrastination: Correlation and potential factors","volume":"15","author":"Aznar-D\u00edaz, I.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aznar-D\u00edaz, I., Romero-Rodr\u00edguez, J., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., & Ram\u00edrez-Montoya, M. (2020). Mexican and Spanish university students' internet addiction and academic procrastination: Correlation and potential factors. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233655. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0233655https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233655"},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"Behavioral Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12060187","article-title":"The thin ideal and attitudes towards appearance as correlates of exercise addiction among sporty people during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Bonfanti, R. C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonfanti, R. C., Lo Coco, G., Salerno, L., & Di Blasi, M. (2022). The thin ideal and attitudes towards appearance as correlates of exercise addiction among sporty people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Behavioral Sciences, 12(6), 187. 10.3390\/bs12060187https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12060187"},{"issue":"14","key":"B8","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8823","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148823","article-title":"Online behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associations with psychological factors: An international exploratory study","volume":"19","author":"Burkauskas, J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burkauskas, J., Fineberg, N., Ioannidis, K., Chamberlain, S., Bowden-Jones, H., Griskova-Bulanova, I., \u2026 Corazza, O. (2022). Online behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associations with psychological factors: An international exploratory study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8823. 10.3390\/ijerph19148823https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148823"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.565769","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the nine-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in a Lithuanian sample of students","volume":"11","author":"Burkauskas, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burkauskas, J., Kir\u00e1ly, O., Demetrovics, Z., Podlipskyte, A., & Steibliene, V. (2020). Psychometric properties of the nine-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in a Lithuanian sample of students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 565769. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.565769https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.565769"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cash, T. F., & Smolak, L. (Eds.) (2011). Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100014","article-title":"The market of sport supplement in the digital era: A netnographic analysis of perceived risks, side-effects and other safety issues","volume":"1","author":"Catalani, V.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Catalani, V., Negri, A., Townshend, H., Simonato, P., Prilutskaya, M., Tippett, A., & Corazza, O. (2021). The market of sport supplement in the digital era: A netnographic analysis of perceived risks, side-effects and other safety issues. Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions and Health, 1, 100014. 10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100014https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100014"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100010","article-title":"Fitspiration on social media: Body-image and other psychopathological risks among young adults. A narrative review","author":"Cataldo, I.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cataldo, I., De Luca, I., Giorgetti, V., Cicconcelli, D., Bersani, F. S., Imperatori, C., \u2026 Corazza, O. (2021). Fitspiration on social media: Body-image and other psychopathological risks among young adults. A narrative review. Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions and Health, 100010. 10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100010https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etdah.2021.100010"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.508595","article-title":"Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: A review","volume":"11","author":"Cataldo, I.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J. Y., & Esposito, G. (2021). Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: A review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.508595https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.508595"},{"issue":"6","key":"B14","series-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00815-z","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","volume":"21","author":"Ceci, F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceci, F., Di Carlo, F., Burkauskas, J., Salone, A., De Luca, I., Cicconcelli, D., \u2026 Corazza, O. (2022). Physical activity and exercise addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(6), 3678\u20133698. 10.1007\/s11469-022-00815-zhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-022-00815-z"},{"issue":"CSCW3","key":"B15","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3434179","article-title":"Country differences in social comparison on social media","volume":"4","author":"Cheng, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Burke, M., & De Gant, B. (2021). Country differences in social comparison on social media. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4(CSCW3), 1\u201326. 10.1145\/3434179https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3434179"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Addictive Behaviors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106845","article-title":"Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values","volume":"117","author":"Cheng, C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Lau, Y., Chan, L., & Luk, J. W. (2021). Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values. Addictive Behaviors, 117, 106845. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106845https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106845"},{"issue":"12","key":"B17","series-title":"Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0317","article-title":"Internet addiction prevalence and quality of (real) life: A meta-analysis of 31 nations across seven world regions","volume":"17","author":"Cheng, C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng, C., & Li, A. Y. (2014). Internet addiction prevalence and quality of (real) life: A meta-analysis of 31 nations across seven world regions. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 17(12), 755\u2013760. 10.1089\/cyber.2014.0317https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2014.0317"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-024-01322-z","article-title":"Prevalence of the risk of exercise addiction based on a new classification: A cross-sectional study in 15 countries","author":"Chhabra, B.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chhabra, B., Granziol, U., Griffiths, M. D., Zandonai, T., Landolfi, E., Solmi, M., \u2026 Szabo, A. (2024). Prevalence of the risk of exercise addiction based on a new classification: A cross-sectional study in 15 countries. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 10.1007\/s11469-024-01322-zhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-024-01322-z"},{"key":"B81","series-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00336","article-title":"Exercise addiction: A review and evaluation of current research and theory","author":"Chhabra, B.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chhabra, B., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Szabo, A. (2026). Exercise addiction: A review and evaluation of current research and theory. Journal of Behavioral Addictions (published online ahead of print). 10.1556\/2006.2025.00336https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2025.00336"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Body in the mind: Exercise addiction, body dysmorphic disorders and the use of enhancement drugs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corazza, O., & Dores, A. R. (Eds.) (2023). Body in the mind: Exercise addiction, body dysmorphic disorders and the use of enhancement drugs. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"B20","series-title":"PLoS ONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213060","article-title":"The emergence of exercise addiction, body dysmorphic disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Corazza, O.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corazza, O., Simonato, P., Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., Van De Ven, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., \u2026 Martinotti, G. (2019). The emergence of exercise addiction, body dysmorphic disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0213060. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0213060https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0213060"},{"issue":"8","key":"B21","series-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0649-1","article-title":"The developmental effects of media-ideal internalization and self-objectification processes\u00a0on adolescents' negative body-feelings, dietary restraint,\u00a0and binge eating","volume":"24","author":"Dakanalis, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dakanalis, A., Carr\u00e0, G., Calogero, R., Fida, R., Clerici, M., Zanetti, M. A., & Riva, G. (2014). The developmental effects of media-ideal internalization and self-objectification processes\u00a0on adolescents' negative body-feelings, dietary restraint,\u00a0and binge eating. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(8), 997\u20131010. 10.1007\/s00787-014-0649-1https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-014-0649-1"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Frontiers in Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1386721","article-title":"Profiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"12","author":"De Luca, I.","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Luca, I., Di Carlo, F., Burkauskas, J., Dores, A. R., Carvalho, I. P., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez, M. \u00c1., \u2026 Corazza, O. (2024). Profiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1386721. 10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1386721https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1386721"},{"key":"bib81","series-title":"Body Image","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.11.012","article-title":"The \u201cLittle Red Riding Hood effect:\u201d Fitspiration is just as bad as thinspiration for women\u2019s body satisfaction","volume":"36","author":"Dignard, N. A. L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dignard, N. A. L., & Jarry, J. L. (2021). The \u201cLittle Red Riding Hood effect:\u201d Fitspiration is just as bad as thinspiration for women\u2019s body satisfaction. Body Image, 36, 201\u2013213. 10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.11.012https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.11.012"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.648501","article-title":"Exercise and use of enhancement drugs at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicultural study on coping strategies during self-isolation and related risks","volume":"12","author":"Dores, A. R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dores, A. R., Carvalho, I. P., Burkauskas, J., Simonato, P., De Luca, I., Mooney, R., \u2026 Corazza, O. (2021). Exercise and use of enhancement drugs at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicultural study on coping strategies during self-isolation and related risks. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.648501https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.648501"},{"issue":"10","key":"B24","series-title":"Nutrients","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102298","article-title":"Knowledge and beliefs about herb\/supplement consumption and herb\/supplement\u2013drug interactions among the general population, including healthcare professionals and pharmacists: A systematic review and guidelines for a smart decision system","volume":"15","author":"Dores, A. R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dores, A. R., Peixoto, M., Castro, M., S\u00e1, C., Carvalho, I. P., Martins, A., \u2026 Marques, A. (2023). Knowledge and beliefs about herb\/supplement consumption and herb\/supplement\u2013drug interactions among the general population, including healthcare professionals and pharmacists: A systematic review and guidelines for a smart decision system. Nutrients, 15(10), 2298. 10.3390\/nu15102298https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15102298"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","series-title":"Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13010089","article-title":"The effects of social feedback through the \u201clike\u201d feature on brain activity: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Dores, A. R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dores, A. R., Peixoto, M., Fernandes, C., Marques, A., & Barbosa, F. (2025). The effects of social feedback through the \u201clike\u201d feature on brain activity: A systematic review. Healthcare, 13(1), 89. 10.3390\/healthcare13010089https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare13010089"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.09.005","article-title":"Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Fardouly, J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1\u20135. 10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.09.005https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.09.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"B27","series-title":"Human Relations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675400700202","article-title":"A theory of social comparison processes","volume":"7","author":"Festinger, L.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117\u2013140. 10.1177\/001872675400700202https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872675400700202"},{"issue":"11","key":"B28","series-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004","article-title":"Manifesto for a European research network into problematic usage of the internet","volume":"28","author":"Fineberg, N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fineberg, N., Demetrovics, Z., Stein, D., Ioannidis, K., Potenza, M., Gr\u00fcnblatt, E., \u2026 Chamberlain, S. (2018). Manifesto for a European research network into problematic usage of the internet. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(11), 1232\u20131246. 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152346","article-title":"Advances in problematic usage of the internet research \u2013 A narrative review by experts from the European network for problematic usage of the internet","volume":"118","author":"Fineberg, N. A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fineberg, N. A., Mench\u00f3n, J. M., Hall, N., Dell'Osso, B., Brand, M., Potenza, M. N., \u2026 Zohar, J. (2022). Advances in problematic usage of the internet research \u2013 A narrative review by experts from the European network for problematic usage of the internet. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 118, 152346. 10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152346https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152346"},{"issue":"2","key":"B30","series-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x","article-title":"Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks","volume":"21","author":"Fredrickson, B. L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173\u2013206. 10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.xhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"B31","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8104069","article-title":"Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction","volume":"8","author":"Freimuth, M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4069\u20134081. 10.3390\/ijerph8104069https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8104069"},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Eating Behaviors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2025.101944","article-title":"Exploring body ideal internalization, sociocultural\u00a0pressures, and probable muscle dysmorphia in Canadian and American boys and men","volume":"56","author":"Ganson, K. T.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ganson, K. T., Testa, A., Rodgers, R. F., Murray, S. B., & Nagata, J. M. (2025). Exploring body ideal internalization, sociocultural\u00a0pressures, and probable muscle dysmorphia in Canadian and American boys and men. Eating Behaviors, 56, 101944. 10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2025.101944https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2025.101944"},{"issue":"4","key":"B33","series-title":"CyberPsychology & Behavior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.479","article-title":"Demographic factors and playing variables in online computer gaming","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths, M. D.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. D., Davies, M. N. O., & Chappell, D. (2005). Demographic factors and playing variables in online computer gaming. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 479\u2013487. 10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.479https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.479"},{"issue":"1","key":"B34","series-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00085","article-title":"Body image and risk of exercise addiction in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Guo, S.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, S., Kamionka, A., Xue, Q., Izydorczyk, B., Lipowska, M., & Lipowski, M. (2025). Body image and risk of exercise addiction in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 14(1), 39\u201354. 10.1556\/2006.2024.00085https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2024.00085"},{"issue":"1","key":"B35","series-title":"Harm Reduction Journal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-1","article-title":"Controlling illegal stimulants: A regulated market model","volume":"5","author":"Haden, M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haden, M. (2008). Controlling illegal stimulants: A regulated market model. Harm Reduction Journal, 5(1), 1. 10.1186\/1477-7517-5-1https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7517-5-1"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"The dynamic body image and the moving body: A theoretical and empirical investigation","author":"Hanley, F.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hanley, F. (2004). The dynamic body image and the moving body: A theoretical and empirical investigation. Doctoral dissertation. Victoria University. https:\/\/vuir.vu.edu.au\/311\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"B37","series-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843x.116.4.717","article-title":"Modeling population heterogeneity in appearance- and performance-enhancing drug (APED) use: Applications of mixture modeling in 400 regular APED users","volume":"116","author":"Hildebrandt, T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, T., Langenbucher, J. W., Carr, S. J., & Sanjuan, P. (2007). Modeling population heterogeneity in appearance- and performance-enhancing drug (APED) use: Applications of mixture modeling in 400 regular APED users. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 717\u2013733. 10.1037\/0021-843x.116.4.717https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843x.116.4.717"},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Body Image","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.02.008","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Holland, G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100\u2013110. 10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.02.008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.02.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"B39","series-title":"Body Image","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.02.004","article-title":"Athletic-ideal and thin-ideal internalization as prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and compulsive exercise","volume":"7","author":"Homan, K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Homan, K. (2010). Athletic-ideal and thin-ideal internalization as prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and compulsive exercise. Body Image, 7(3), 240\u2013245. 10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.02.004https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.02.004"},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.004","article-title":"Eating disorders with over-exercise: A cross-sectional analysis of the mediational role of problematic usage of the internet in young people","volume":"132","author":"Ioannidis, K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ioannidis, K., Hook, R. W., Grant, J. E., Czabanowska, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2021). Eating disorders with over-exercise: A cross-sectional analysis of the mediational role of problematic usage of the internet in young people. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 132, 215\u2013222. 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.004https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.004"},{"key":"B41","series-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.005","article-title":"Problematic usage of the internet and eating disorder and related psychopathology: A multifaceted, systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Ioannidis, K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ioannidis, K., Taylor, C., Holt, L., Brown, K., Lochner, C., Fineberg, N. A., \u2026 Czabanowska, K. (2021). Problematic usage of the internet and eating disorder and related psychopathology: A multifaceted, systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 125, 569\u2013581. 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.005https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.005"},{"issue":"8","key":"B42","series-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01505-4","article-title":"Effects of fitspiration content on body image: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Jer\u00f3nimo, F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jer\u00f3nimo, F., & Carra\u00e7a, E. V. (2022). Effects of fitspiration content on body image: A systematic review. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(8), 3017\u20133035. 10.1007\/s40519-022-01505-4https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-022-01505-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"B43","series-title":"Annals of Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.09.004","article-title":"Modeling sources of self-report bias in a survey of drug use epidemiology","volume":"15","author":"Johnson, T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson, T., & Fendrich, M. (2005). Modeling sources of self-report bias in a survey of drug use epidemiology. Annals of Epidemiology, 15(5), 381\u2013389. 10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.09.004https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.09.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"B44","series-title":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000330415","article-title":"Culture, psychosomatics and substance abuse: The example of body image drugs","volume":"81","author":"Kanayama, G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kanayama, G., Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. Jr. (2012). Culture, psychosomatics and substance abuse: The example of body image drugs. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81(2), 73\u201378. 10.1159\/000330415https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000330415"},{"issue":"1","key":"B45","series-title":"Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52","article-title":"Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis","volume":"38","author":"Kim, H. Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52\u201354. 2013 Feb. 10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52"},{"issue":"4","key":"B46","series-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2013.803111","article-title":"The mediating effect of self-esteem, depression and anxiety between satisfaction with body appearance and problematic internet use","volume":"39","author":"Koronczai, B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koronczai, B., K\u00f6k\u00f6nyei, G., Urb\u00e1n, R., Kun, B., Pap\u00e1y, O., Nagygy\u00f6rgy, K., \u2026 Demetrovics, Z. (2013). The mediating effect of self-esteem, depression and anxiety between satisfaction with body appearance and problematic internet use. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(4), 259\u2013265. 10.3109\/00952990.2013.803111https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00952990.2013.803111"},{"issue":"11","key":"B47","series-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0345","article-title":"Confirmation of the three-factor model of problematic internet use on off-line adolescent and adult samples","volume":"14","author":"Koronczai, B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koronczai, B., Urb\u00e1n, R., K\u00f6k\u00f6nyei, G., Paksi, B., Papp, K., Kun, B., \u2026 Demetrovics, Z. (2011). Confirmation of the three-factor model of problematic internet use on off-line adolescent and adult samples. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(11), 657\u2013664. 10.1089\/cyber.2010.0345https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2010.0345"},{"key":"B49","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00136","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the nine-item problematic internet use questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in nine European samples of internet users","volume":"10","author":"Laconi, S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laconi, S., Urb\u00e1n, R., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., Kuss, D. J., Gnisci, A., Sergi, I., \u2026 Kir\u00e1ly, O. (2019). Psychometric evaluation of the nine-item problematic internet use questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in nine European samples of internet users. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 136. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00136https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00136"},{"key":"B50","series-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109427","article-title":"Variability in the unregulated opioid market in the context of extreme rates of overdose","volume":"235","author":"Larnder, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Larnder, A., Saatchi, A., Borden, S. A., Moa, B., Gill, C. G., Wallace, B., & Hore, D. (2022). Variability in the unregulated opioid market in the context of extreme rates of overdose. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 235, 109427. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109427https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109427"},{"key":"B51","series-title":"Addictive Behaviors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.005","article-title":"The relationship between social desirability bias and self-reports of health, substance use, and social network factors among urban substance users in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"73","author":"Latkin, C. A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Latkin, C. A., Edwards, C., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., & Tobin, K. E. (2017). The relationship between social desirability bias and self-reports of health, substance use, and social network factors among urban substance users in Baltimore, Maryland. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 133\u2013136. 10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.005https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.005"},{"key":"B52","series-title":"Computers in Human Behavior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.01.003","article-title":"Highly-visual social media and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The mediating role of body image concerns","volume":"82","author":"Marengo, D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marengo, D., Longobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2018). Highly-visual social media and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The mediating role of body image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 63\u201369. 10.1016\/j.chb.2018.01.003https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.01.003"},{"issue":"8","key":"B53","series-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22449","article-title":"Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls","volume":"48","author":"McLean, S. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015). Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(8), 1132\u20131140. 10.1002\/eat.22449https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22449"},{"issue":"3","key":"B54","series-title":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2619","article-title":"The use of supplements and performance and image enhancing drugs in fitness settings: An exploratory cross-sectional investigation in the United Kingdom","volume":"32","author":"Mooney, R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mooney, R., Simonato, P., Ruparelia, R., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., Martinotti, G., & Corazza, O. (2017). The use of supplements and performance and image enhancing drugs in fitness settings: An exploratory cross-sectional investigation in the United Kingdom. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 32(3), e2619. 10.1002\/hup.2619https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.2619"},{"key":"B55","series-title":"Sex Roles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-014-0384-6","article-title":"Social media effects on young women's body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research","volume":"71","author":"Perloff, R. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women's body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71, 363\u2013377. 10.1007\/s11199-014-0384-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-014-0384-6"},{"key":"B56","series-title":"Emerging drugs in sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86411-4","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rabin, O., & Corazza, O. (Eds.) (2021). Emerging drugs in sport. Springer. 10.1007\/978-3-030-86411-4https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86411-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"B57","series-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0013-7","article-title":"A biopsychosocial model of body image concerns and disordered eating in early adolescent girls","volume":"43","author":"Rodgers, R. F.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., & McLean, S. A. (2014). A biopsychosocial model of body image concerns and disordered eating in early adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(5), 814\u2013823. 10.1007\/s10964-013-0013-7https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-0013-7"},{"key":"B58","series-title":"Appetite","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106522","article-title":"Socio-cultural power of social media on orthorexia nervosa: An empirical investigation on the mediating role of thin-ideal and muscular internalization, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction","volume":"185","author":"Scheiber, R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scheiber, R., Diehl, S., & Karmasin, M. (2023). Socio-cultural power of social media on orthorexia nervosa: An empirical investigation on the mediating role of thin-ideal and muscular internalization, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction. Appetite, 185, 106522. 10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106522https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106522"},{"key":"B59","series-title":"The image and appearance of the human body: Studies in the constructive energies of the psyche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315010410","author":"Schilder, P.","year":"1935","unstructured":"Schilder, P. (1935). The image and appearance of the human body: Studies in the constructive energies of the psyche (1st ed.). K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd. 10.4324\/9781315010410https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315010410"},{"key":"B60","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.689058","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between mental well-being, exercise routines, and the intake of image and performance enhancing drugs during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A comparison across sport disciplines","volume":"12","author":"Shibata, M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shibata, M., Burkauskas, J., Dores, A. R., Kobayashi, K., Yoshimura, S., Simonato, P., \u2026 Corazza, O. (2021). Exploring the relationship between mental well-being, exercise routines, and the intake of image and performance enhancing drugs during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A comparison across sport disciplines. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.689058https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.689058"},{"key":"B61","series-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2024.100781","article-title":"The use of social networking sites and its association with non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Sp\u00ednola, L. G.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sp\u00ednola, L. G., Calaboi\u00e7a, C., & Carvalho, I. P. (2024). The use of social networking sites and its association with non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 16, 100781. 10.1016\/j.jadr.2024.100781https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadr.2024.100781"},{"issue":"2","key":"B62","series-title":"Body Image","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.02.002","article-title":"Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: A cross-cultural study","volume":"2","author":"Swami, V.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swami, V., & Tov\u00e9e, M. J. (2005). Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: A cross-cultural study. Body Image, 2(2), 115\u2013128. 10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.02.002https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.02.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"B63","series-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.4.9","article-title":"Exercise addiction in Spanish athletes: Investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement","volume":"2","author":"Szabo, A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Szabo, A., de la Vega, R., Ruiz-Barqu\u00edn, R., & Rivera, O. (2013). Exercise addiction in Spanish athletes: Investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 249\u2013252. 10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.4.9https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.4.9"},{"key":"B64","series-title":"Passion and addiction in sports and exercise","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003173595","author":"Szabo, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szabo, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022). Passion and addiction in sports and exercise. Routledge. 10.4324\/9781003173595https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003173595"},{"issue":"1","key":"B65","series-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.06","article-title":"The psychometric evaluation of the revised exercise addiction inventory: Improved psychometric properties by changing item response rating","volume":"8","author":"Szabo, A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szabo, A., Pinto, A., Griffiths, M. D., Kov\u00e1csik, R., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). The psychometric evaluation of the revised exercise addiction inventory: Improved psychometric properties by changing item response rating. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 157\u2013161. 10.1556\/2006.8.2019.06https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.8.2019.06"},{"issue":"1","key":"B66","series-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0170-2","article-title":"A content analysis of thinspiration, fitspiration, and bonespiration imagery on social media","volume":"5","author":"Talbot, C. V.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Talbot, C. V., Gavin, J., Van Steen, T., & Morey, Y. (2017). A content analysis of thinspiration, fitspiration, and bonespiration imagery on social media. Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(1). 10.1186\/s40337-017-0170-2https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-017-0170-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"B67","series-title":"European Eating Disorders Review","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1108","article-title":"Disordered eating and exercise: Development and preliminary validation of the compulsive exercise test (CET)","volume":"19","author":"Taranis, L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taranis, L., Touyz, S., & Meyer, C. (2011). Disordered eating and exercise: Development and preliminary validation of the compulsive exercise test (CET). European Eating Disorders Review, 19(3), 256\u2013268. 10.1002\/erv.1108https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.1108"},{"issue":"5","key":"B68","series-title":"Addiction Research & Theory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350310001637363","article-title":"The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool","volume":"12","author":"Terry, A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(5), 489\u2013499. 10.1080\/16066350310001637363https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16066350310001637363"},{"key":"B69","series-title":"Computers in Human Behavior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107993","article-title":"International comparison of gaming disorder symptomatology: Analysis of Ithra's 30-nation digital wellbeing survey","volume":"150","author":"Thomas, J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomas, J., Gaspar, C. M., Beyahi, F. A., Bassam, B. A., & Aljedawi, Y. (2024). International comparison of gaming disorder symptomatology: Analysis of Ithra's 30-nation digital wellbeing survey. Computers in Human Behavior, 150, 107993. 10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107993https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107993"},{"key":"B70","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00495","article-title":"Muscles and the media: A natural experiment across cultures in men's body image","volume":"11","author":"Thornborrow, T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thornborrow, T., Onwuegbusi, T., Mohamed, S., Boothroyd, L. G., & Tov\u00e9e, M. J. (2020). Muscles and the media: A natural experiment across cultures in men's body image. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 495. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00495https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00495"},{"issue":"6","key":"B71","series-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22141","article-title":"NetGirls: The internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls","volume":"46","author":"Tiggemann, M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2013). NetGirls: The internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(6), 630\u2013633. 10.1002\/eat.22141https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22141"},{"issue":"1","key":"B72","series-title":"AI & Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01015-w","article-title":"From filters to fillers: An active inference approach to body image distortion in the selfie era","volume":"36","author":"Tremblay, S. C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tremblay, S. C., Tremblay, S. E., & Poirier, P. (2021). From filters to fillers: An active inference approach to body image distortion in the selfie era. AI & Society, 36(1), 33\u201348. 10.1007\/s00146-020-01015-whttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01015-w"},{"issue":"4","key":"B73","series-title":"Psychology of Popular Media Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000203","article-title":"Trends in U.S. adolescents\u2019 media use, 1976\u20132016: The rise of digital media, the decline of TV, and the (near) demise of print","volume":"8","author":"Twenge, J. M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2019). Trends in U.S. adolescents\u2019 media use, 1976\u20132016: The rise of digital media, the decline of TV, and the (near) demise of print. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 329\u2013345. 10.1037\/ppm0000203https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ppm0000203"},{"issue":"5","key":"B74","series-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00499-3","article-title":"The Tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison","volume":"53","author":"van den Berg, P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"van den Berg, P., Thompson, J. K., Obremski-Brandon, K., & Coovert, M. (2002). The Tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(5), 1007\u20131020. 10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00499-3https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00499-3"},{"key":"B75","series-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.12.002","article-title":"Social media and body image: Recent trends and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Vandenbosch, L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vandenbosch, L., Fardouly, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2022). Social media and body image: Recent trends and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101289. 10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.12.002https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.12.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"B76","series-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465813000556l","article-title":"The appearance anxiety inventory: Validation of a process measure in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"42","author":"Veale, D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veale, D., Eshkevari, E., Kanakam, N., Ellison, N., Costa, A., & Werner, T. (2014). The appearance anxiety inventory: Validation of a process measure in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(5), 605\u2013616. 10.1017\/S1352465813000556lhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465813000556l"},{"key":"B77","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.731858","article-title":"Physical exercise: An overview of benefits from psychological level to genetics and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Wang, Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Ashokan, K. (2021). Physical exercise: An overview of benefits from psychological level to genetics and beyond. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. 10.3389\/fphys.2021.731858https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.731858"},{"issue":"1","key":"B78","series-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19585969.2023.2164841","article-title":"Exercise addiction: A narrative overview of research issues","volume":"25","author":"Weinstein, A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weinstein, A., & Szabo, A. (2023). Exercise addiction: A narrative overview of research issues. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 25(1), 1\u201313. 10.1080\/19585969.2023.2164841https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19585969.2023.2164841"},{"key":"B79","article-title":"International classification of diseases 11th revision (ICD-11)","author":"World Health Organization [WHO]","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. (2022). International classification of diseases 11th revision (ICD-11). https:\/\/icd.who.int."},{"issue":"1","key":"B80","series-title":"Development and Psychopathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000657","article-title":"Girls' and boys' trajectories of appearance anxiety from age 10 to 15 years are associated with earlier maturation and appearance-related teasing","volume":"30","author":"Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H. J., Farrell, L. J., & Waters, A. M. (2018). Girls' and boys' trajectories of appearance anxiety from age 10 to 15 years are associated with earlier maturation and appearance-related teasing. Development and Psychopathology, 30(1), 337\u2013350. 10.1017\/S0954579417000657https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579417000657"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavioral Addictions"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/15\/2\/article-p704.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2006\/15\/2\/article-p704.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2006\/15\/2\/article-p704.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:46:01Z","timestamp":1784126761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/15\/2\/article-p704.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2025.00317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-5871","2063-5303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-5871","type":"print"},{"value":"2063-5303","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}