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According to the dual-hormone hypothesis, their effects are probably interactive and may influence specific behavioral tendencies, like risk taking and impulsivity, which may, in turn, contribute to PPU. To examine these relationships, the present research utilizes endocrine hair analyses, providing a robust index of long-term hormone secretion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 252) was part of a multi-center study (FOR2974), including male participants who consume pornography at least occasionally. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations were determined from a proximal 3\u2009cm hair sample via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Additionally, decision-making paradigms (i.e., Delay-Discounting Task, Game of Dice Task) and questionnaires assessing impulsivity and symptoms of PPU were used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testosterone was positively related to PPU, but showed no significant associations with impulsivity and risk taking in a moderated mediation model. Furthermore, cortisol and testosterone interacted with a significant positive effect of testosterone on PPU severity for participants with low cortisol levels, and a non-significant effect in case of high cortisol levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study delivers novel evidence for an association between basal testosterone and cortisol levels in PPU for males. However, the assumed association between hormonal levels, risk taking and impulsivity could not be supported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T19:52:01Z","timestamp":1773949921000},"page":"459-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hair testosterone and cortisol interactively predict problematic pornography use in a male sample"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2796-7307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom Malte","family":"Burkardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-5280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-1274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tobias","family":"Stalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-2124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oliver T.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-6652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tim","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-9542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Erwin L. 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