{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:15:00Z","timestamp":1791357300163,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n Recent studies have challenged the anxiety-avoidance model of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), linking OCD to impulsivity, risky-decision-making and reward-system dysfunction, which can also be found in addiction and might support the conceptualization of OCD as a behavioral addiction. Here, we conducted an exploratory investigation of the behavioral addiction model of OCD by assessing whether OCD patients are more impulsive, have impaired decision-making, and biased probabilistic reasoning, three core dimensions of addiction, in a sample of OCD patients and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We assessed these dimensions on 38 OCD patients and 39 healthy controls with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Beads Task.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n OCD patients had significantly higher BIS-11 scores than controls, in particular on the cognitive subscales. They performed significantly worse than controls on the IGT preferring immediate reward despite negative future consequences, and did not learn from losses. Finally, OCD patients demonstrated biased probabilistic reasoning as reflected by significantly fewer draws to decision than controls on the Beads Task.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n OCD patients are more impulsive than controls and demonstrate risky decision-making and biased probabilistic reasoning. These results might suggest that other conceptualizations of OCD, such as the behavioral addiction model, may be more suitable than the anxiety-avoidance one. However, further studies directly comparing OCD and behavioral addiction patients are needed in order to scrutinize this model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T10:04:27Z","timestamp":1450692267000},"page":"263-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Think twice: Impulsivity and decision making in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Grassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pallanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Figee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariska","family":"Mantione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiaan","family":"Denys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Piccagliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Stratta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging,","first-page":"2007","article-title":"Functional and structural neural indices of risk aversion in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"203","author":"Admon, R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Admon, R.\n , \n \n Bleich-Cohen, M.\n , \n \n Weizmant, R.\n , \n \n Poyurovsky, M.\n , \n \n Faragian, S. & Hendler, T. (2012). Functional and structural neural indices of risk aversion in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging,203, 2007\u20132013."},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12250","article-title":"Diagnostic validity of comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Amerio, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amerio, A.\n , \n \n Odone, A.\n , \n \n Liapis, C.\u00a0C. & Ghaemi, S.\u00a0N. (2014). Diagnostic validity of comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review. 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International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice,18(3), 156\u2013160.10.3109\/13651501.2013.855792"},{"issue":"2","key":"B6","series-title":"Neuropsychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012850","article-title":"Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research","volume":"23","author":"Blakesley, R.\u00a0E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blakesley, R.\u00a0E.\n , \n \n Mazumdar, S.\n , \n \n Dew, M.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Houck, P.\u00a0R.\n , \n \n Tang, G.\n , \n \n Reynolds, C.\u00a0F.3rd & Butters, M.\u00a0A. (2009). Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research. 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