{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:28:19Z","timestamp":1760646499496},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"background and aims\">\n          <jats:title>Backgrounds and aims<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Problem gambling occurs at higher levels in the homeless than the general population. Past work has not established the extent to which problem gambling is a cause or consequence of homelessness. This study sought to replicate recent observations of elevated rates of problem gambling in a British homeless sample, and extend that finding by characterizing (a)\u00a0the temporal sequencing of the effect, (b)\u00a0relationships with drug and alcohol misuse, and (c)\u00a0awareness and access of treatment services for gambling by the homeless.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n          <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We recruited 72 participants from homeless centers in Westminster, London, and used the Problem Gambling Severity Index to assess gambling involvement, as well as DSM-IV criteria for substance and alcohol use disorders. A life-events scale was administered to establish the temporal ordering of problem gambling and homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n          <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Problem gambling was evident in 23.6% of the sample. In participants who endorsed any gambling symptomatology, the majority were categorized as problem gamblers. Within those problem gamblers, 82.4% indicated that gambling preceded their homelessness. Participants displayed high rates of substance (31.9%) and alcohol dependence (23.6%); these were not correlated with PGSI scores. Awareness of treatment for gambling was significantly lower than for substance and alcohol use disorders, and actual access of gambling support was minimal.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec sec-type=\"discussion and conclusions\">\n          <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Problem gambling is an under-recognized health issue in the homeless. Our observation that gambling typically precedes homelessness strengthens its role as a causal factor. Despite the elevated prevalence rates, awareness and utilization of gambling support opportunities were low compared with services for substance use disorders.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]],"date-time":"2016-06-27T12:35:17Z","timestamp":1467030917000},"page":"318-324","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Down and Out in London: Addictive Behaviors in Homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Steve","family":"Sharman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connection at St Martins, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Bowden-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Problem Gambling Clinic, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service."},{"issue":"3","key":"B4","series-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,","first-page":"S152","article-title":"The causes of homelessness in later life: Findings from a 3-nation study","volume":"60","author":"Crane, M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crane, M.\n            , \n            \n              Byrne, K.\n            , \n            \n              Fu, R.\n            , \n            \n              Lipmann, B.\n            , \n            \n              Mirabelli, F.\n            , \n            \n              Rota-Bartelink, A.\n            , \n            \n              Ryan, M.\n            , \n            \n              Shea, R.\n            , \n            \n              Watt, H.\n            , & \n            \n              Warnes, A.\u00a0M.\n           (2005). The causes of homelessness in later life: Findings from a 3-nation study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,60(3), S152\u2013S159. doi:10.1093\/geronb\/60.3.S152"},{"issue":"8","key":"B5","series-title":"Psychiatric Services,","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Little use of treatment among problem gamblers","volume":"56","author":"Cunningham, J.\u00a0A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cunningham, J.\u00a0A.\n           (2005). Little use of treatment among problem gamblers. Psychiatric Services,56(8), 1024\u20131025. doi:10.1176\/appi.ps.56.8.1024-a"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Addictive Behaviors,","first-page":"221","article-title":"Only one in three people with alcohol abuse or dependence ever seek treatment","volume":"29","author":"Cunningham, J.\u00a0A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cunningham, J.\u00a0A.\n            , & \n            \n              Breslin, F.\u00a0C.\n           (2004). Only one in three people with alcohol abuse or dependence ever seek treatment. 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