{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T11:19:40Z","timestamp":1721906380969},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"\n Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n Problem and pathological gambling have been associated with elevated rates of both Axis-I and Axis-II psychiatric disorders. Although both problem gambling and psychiatric disorders have been reported as being more prevalent among lower income vs. middle\/higher income groups, how income might moderate the relationship between problem-gambling severity and psychopathology is incompletely understood. To examine the associations between problem-gambling severity and psychopathology in lower income and middle\/higher income groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Data from the first wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200943,093) were analyzed in adjusted logistic regression models to investigate the relationships between problem-gambling severity and psychiatric disorders within and across income groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Greater problem-gambling severity was associated with increased odds of multiple psychiatric disorders for both lower income and middle\/higher income groups. Income moderated the association between problem\/pathological gambling and alcohol abuse\/dependence, with a stronger association seen among middle\/higher income respondents than among lower income respondents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings that problem-gambling severity is related to psychopathology across income groups suggest a need for public health initiatives across social strata to reduce the impact that problem\/pathological gambling may have in relation to psychopathology. Middle\/higher income populations, perhaps owing to the availability of more \u201cdisposable income,\u201d may be at greater risk for co-occurring gambling and alcohol-use psychopathology and may benefit preferentially from interventions targeting both gambling and alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T10:55:33Z","timestamp":1469098533000},"page":"429-438","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationships Between Problem-Gambling Severity and Psychopathology as Moderated by Income"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Sanacora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth W.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corey E.","family":"Pilver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rani A.","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASAColumbia), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Psychiatry Research,","first-page":"395","article-title":"Demographic and social variables associated with problem gambling among men and women in Canada","volume":"178,","author":"Afifi, T.\u00a0O.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Afifi, T.\u00a0O.\n , \n \n Cox, B.\u00a0J.\n , \n \n Martens, P.\u00a0J.\n , \n \n Sareen, J.\n , & \n \n Enns, M.\u00a0W.\n (2010a). 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The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS): Reliability of alcohol and drug modules in a clinical sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,44,133\u2013141. doi:10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)01332-X"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry,","first-page":"703","article-title":"Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"165,","author":"Kessler, R.\u00a0C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kessler, R.\u00a0C.\n , \n \n Heeringa, S.\n , \n \n Lakoma, M.\u00a0D.\n , \n \n Petukhova, M.\n , \n \n Rupp, A.\u00a0E.\n , \n \n Schoenbaum, M.\n , \n \n Wang, P.\u00a0S.\n , & \n \n Zaslavsky, A.\u00a0M.\n (2008). Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry,165,703\u2013711. doi:10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08010126"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Addiction,","first-page":"697","article-title":"An experimental study of the effect of prior alcohol consumption on a simulated gambling activity","volume":"94,","author":"Kyngdon, A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kyngdon, A.\n , & \n \n Dickerson, M.\n (1999). An experimental study of the effect of prior alcohol consumption on a simulated gambling activity. Addiction,94,697\u2013707. doi:10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9456977.x"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"233","article-title":"Characteristics of gambling helpline callers with self-reported gambling alcohol use problems","volume":"21,","author":"Potenza, M.\u00a0N.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Potenza, M.\u00a0N.\n , \n \n Steinberg, M.\u00a0A.\n , & \n \n Wu, R.\n (2005). Characteristics of gambling helpline callers with self-reported gambling alcohol use problems. Journal of Gambling Studies,21,233\u2013254. doi:10.1007\/s10899-005-3098-4"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence,","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): Reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic modules and risk factors in a general population sample","volume":"92,","author":"Ruan, W.\u00a0J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruan, W.\u00a0J.\n , \n \n Goldstein, R.\u00a0B.\n , \n \n Chou, S.\u00a0P.\n , \n \n Smith, S.\u00a0M.\n , \n \n Saha, T.\u00a0D.\n , \n \n Pickering, R.\u00a0P.\n , \n \n Dawson, D.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Huang, B.\n , \n \n Stinson, F.\u00a0S.\n , & \n \n Grant, B.\u00a0F.\n (2008). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): Reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic modules and risk factors in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,92,27\u201336. doi:10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.001"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry,","first-page":"419","article-title":"Relationship between household income and mental disorders: Findings from a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"68,","author":"Sareen, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sareen, J.\n , \n \n Afifi, T.\n , \n \n McMillan, K.\n , & \n \n Asmundson, G.\n (2011). Relationship between household income and mental disorders: Findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry,68,419\u2013427. doi:10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Youth & Society,","first-page":"473","article-title":"Betting against youth: The effects of socioeconomic marginality on gambling among young people","volume":"32,","author":"Schissel, B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schissel, B.\n (2001). Betting against youth: The effects of socioeconomic marginality on gambling among young people. Youth & Society,32,473\u2013491. doi:10.1177\/0044118X01032004004"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry,","first-page":"666","article-title":"Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men","volume":"57,","author":"Slutske, W.\u00a0S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slutske, W.\u00a0S.\n , \n \n Eisen, S.\n , \n \n True, W.\u00a0R.\n , \n \n Lyons, M.\u00a0J.\n , \n \n Goldberg, J.\n , & \n \n Tsuang, M.\n (2000). Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men. Archives of General Psychiatry,57,666\u2013673. doi:10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.666"},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology,","first-page":"297","article-title":"A twin study of the association between pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorder","volume":"110,","author":"Slutske, W.\u00a0S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Slutske, W.\u00a0S.\n , \n \n Eisen, S.\n , \n \n Xian, H.\n , \n \n True, W.\u00a0R.\n , \n \n Lyons, M.\u00a0J.\n , \n \n Goldberg, J.\n , & \n \n Tsuang, M.\n (2001). A twin study of the association between pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,110,297\u2013308. doi:10.1037\/0021-843X.110.2.297"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Addiction,","first-page":"1661","article-title":"A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community","volume":"98,","author":"Toce-Gerstein, M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toce-Gerstein, M.\n , \n \n Gerstein, D.\u00a0R.\n , & \n \n Volberg, R.\u00a0A.\n (2003). A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community. Addiction,98,1661\u20131672. doi:10.1111\/add.2003.98.issue-12"},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol,","first-page":"706","article-title":"Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity","volume":"62,","author":"Welte, J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Welte, J.\n , \n \n Barnes, G.\u00a0M.\n , \n \n Wieczorek, W.\u00a0F.\n , \n \n Tidwell, M.-C.\n , & \n \n Parker, J.\n (2001). Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,62,706\u2013712. doi:10.15288\/jsa.2001.62.706"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"313","article-title":"Gambling participation in the U.S.: Results from a national survey","volume":"18,","author":"Welte, J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Welte, J.\n , \n \n Barnes, G.\u00a0M.\n , \n \n Wieczorek, W.\u00a0F.\n , \n \n Tidwell, M.-C.\n , & \n \n Parker, J.\n (2002). Gambling participation in the U.S.: Results from a national survey. 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