{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:52:13Z","timestamp":1790380333727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"abstract":"\n Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n Previous international research emphasized that some forms of gambling are more \u201caddictive\u201d than others. More recently, research has shown that we should shift our attention from the type of gambling activity to the level of involvement in a number of different gambling activities. The aim of our study was to verify whether a higher Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) score was associated with particular gambling activities and evaluate the impact of involvement on gambling behavior.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 736 treatment-seeking individuals with gambling disorder were assessed at the National Problem Gambling Clinic in London. First, the independent two-sample t<\/jats:italic>-test and the Mann\u2013Whitney test were used to verify if the PGSI score changed significantly according to the gambling activity at a bivariate level. Second, we conducted a cluster analysis and finally, we fitted a linear regression model in order to verify if some variables are useful to predict gambling addiction severity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The PGSI score was significantly higher for lower stakes gaming machine gamblers (1% significance level) and for fixed-odds betting terminal (FOBT) gamblers (5% significance level) at a bivariate level. Moreover, such finding was confirmed by cluster and linear regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The results of this study indicated that gambling addiction severity was related to gambling involvement and, for a given level of gambling involvement, gambling addiction severity may vary according to gambling type, with a particularly significant increase for FOBT and gaming machine gambling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T12:15:26Z","timestamp":1475064926000},"page":"439-447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Types of gambling and levels of harm: A UK study to assess severity of presentation in a treatment-seeking population"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ronzitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Soldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Methodology and Statistics Laboratory (LABStat), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Lutri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Bowden-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,","first-page":"283","article-title":"Gambling involvement: Considering frequency of play and the moderating effects of gender and age","volume":"12,","author":"Afifi, T.\u00a0O.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afifi, T.\u00a0O.\n , \n \n LaPlante, D.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Taillieu, T.\u00a0L.\n , \n \n Dowd, D.\n , & \n \n Shaffer, H.\u00a0J.\n (2013). Gambling involvement: Considering frequency of play and the moderating effects of gender and age. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,12,283\u2013294. doi:10.1007\/s11469-013-9452-3"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Addiction,","first-page":"487","article-title":"A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling","volume":"97,","author":"Blaszczynski, A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blaszczynski, A.\n , & \n \n Nower, L.\n (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction,97,487\u2013499. doi:10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"31","article-title":"Rapid onset of pathological gambling in machine gamblers","volume":"18,","author":"Breen, R.\u00a0B.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Breen, R.\u00a0B.\n , & \n \n Zimmerman, M.\n (2002). Rapid onset of pathological gambling in machine gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies,18,31\u201343. doi:1010.1023\/A:1014580112648"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"39","article-title":"Harm Reduction and electronic gambling machines: Does this pair make a happy couple or is divorce foreseen?","volume":"24,","author":"Cantinotti, M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cantinotti, M.\n , & \n \n Ladouceur, R.\n (2008). Harm Reduction and electronic gambling machines: Does this pair make a happy couple or is divorce foreseen?Journal of Gambling Studies,24,39\u201354. doi:10.1007\/s10899-007-9072-617674162"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"1767","article-title":"A gamblers clustering based on their favorite gambling activity","volume":"31","author":"Challet-Bouju, G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Challet-Bouju, G.\n , \n \n Hardouin, J.-B.\n , \n \n Renard, N.\n , \n \n Legauffre, C.\n , \n \n Valleur, M.\n , \n \n Magalon, D.\n , \n \n Fats\u00e9as, M.\n , \n \n Ch\u00e9reau-Boudet, I.\n , \n \n Gorsane, M.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n JEU Group\n \n , \n \n V\u00e9nisse, J.\u00a0L.\n , & \n \n Grall-Bronnec, M.\n (2014). A gamblers clustering based on their favorite gambling activity. Journal of Gambling Studies,31(4), 1767\u20131788. doi:10.1007\/s10899-014-9496-8"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGKDD International Conference in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,","first-page":"263","article-title":"A robust and scalable clustering algorithm for mixed type attributes in large database environment","author":"Chiu, T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chiu, T.\n , \n \n Fang, D.\n , \n \n Chen, J.\n , \n \n Wang, Y.\n , & \n \n Jeris, C.\n (2001). A robust and scalable clustering algorithm for mixed type attributes in large database environment. Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGKDD International Conference in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,Association for Computing Machinery, San Francisco, CA, 263\u2013268."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"249","article-title":"Experimental analysis of the game in pathological gamblers: Effect of the immediacy of the reward in slot machines","volume":"26,","author":"Ch\u00f3liz, M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ch\u00f3liz, M.\n (2010). Experimental analysis of the game in pathological gamblers: Effect of the immediacy of the reward in slot machines. Journal of Gambling Studies,26,249\u2013256. doi:10.1007\/s10899-009-9156-6"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report","author":"Ferris, J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ferris, J.\n , & \n \n Wynne, H.\u00a0J.\n (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report. Ontario, Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,","first-page":"194","article-title":"Internet gambling: An online empirical study among student gamblers","volume":"6,","author":"Griffiths, M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Griffiths, M.\n , & \n \n Barnes, A.\n (2008). Internet gambling: An online empirical study among student gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,6,194\u2013204. doi:10.1007\/s11469-007-9083-7"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,","first-page":"621","article-title":"The irrelevancy of game-type in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of problem gambling","volume":"3,","author":"Griffiths, M.\u00a0D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffiths, M.\u00a0D.\n , & \n \n Auer, M.\n (2013). The irrelevancy of game-type in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of problem gambling. Frontiers in Psychology,3,621. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00621"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"105","article-title":"Evaluating the problem gambling severity index","volume":"25,","author":"Holtgraves, T.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holtgraves, T.\n (2009). Evaluating the problem gambling severity index. Journal of Gambling Studies,25,105\u2013120. doi:10.1007\/s10899-008-9107-7"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"191","article-title":"Games and gambling involvement among casino patrons","volume":"29,","author":"LaPlante, D.\u00a0A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"LaPlante, D.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Afifi, T.\u00a0O.\n , & \n \n Shaffer, H.\u00a0J.\n (2013). Games and gambling involvement among casino patrons. Journal of Gambling Studies,29,191\u2013203. doi:10.1007\/s10899-012-9307-z"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,","first-page":"396","article-title":"Breadth and depth involvement: Understanding Internet gambling involvement and its relationship to gambling problems","volume":"28,","author":"Laplante, D.\u00a0A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laplante, D.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Nelson, S.\u00a0E.\n , & \n \n Gray, H.\u00a0M.\n (2014). Breadth and depth involvement: Understanding Internet gambling involvement and its relationship to gambling problems. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,28,396\u2013403. doi:10.1037\/a0033810"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"European Journal of Public Health,","first-page":"532","article-title":"Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007","volume":"21,","author":"LaPlante, D.\u00a0A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"LaPlante, D.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Nelson, S.\u00a0E.\n , \n \n LaBrie, R.\u00a0A.\n , & \n \n Shaffer, H.\u00a0J.\n (2011). Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. European Journal of Public Health,21,532\u2013537. doi:10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp177"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"387","article-title":"Internet gamblers: A latent class analysis of their behaviours and health experiences","volume":"26,","author":"Lloyd, J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lloyd, J.\n , \n \n Doll, H.\n , \n \n Hawton, K.\n , \n \n Dutto, W.\u00a0H.\n , \n \n Geddes, J.\u00a0R.\n , \n \n Goodwin, G.\u00a0M.\n , & \n \n Rogers, R.\u00a0D.\n (2010). Internet gamblers: A latent class analysis of their behaviours and health experiences. Journal of Gambling Studies,26,387\u2013399. doi:10.1007\/s10899-010-9188-y"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Addiction Research & Theory,","first-page":"475","article-title":"Gambling and problem gambling in Norway: What part does the gambling machine play?","volume":"14,","author":"Lund, I.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lund, I.\n (2006). Gambling and problem gambling in Norway: What part does the gambling machine play?Addiction Research & Theory,14,475\u2013491. doi:10.1080\/16066350600836825"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"CyberPsychology & Behavior,","first-page":"741","article-title":"A pilot study of problem gambling among student online gamblers: Mood states as predictors of problematic behavior","volume":"12,","author":"Matthews, N.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matthews, N.\n , \n \n Farnsworth, B.\n , & \n \n Griffiths, M.\u00a0D.\n (2009). A pilot study of problem gambling among student online gamblers: Mood states as predictors of problematic behavior. CyberPsychology & Behavior,12,741\u2013745. doi:10.1089\/cpb.2009.0050"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addiction,","first-page":"50","article-title":"Internet gambling and risk-taking among students: An exploratory study","volume":"1,","author":"McBride, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"McBride, J.\n , & \n \n Derevensky, J.\n (2012). Internet gambling and risk-taking among students: An exploratory study. Journal of Behavioral Addiction,1,50\u201358. doi:10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.2.2"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Clinical Psychology Review,","first-page":"988","article-title":"The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review","volume":"30,","author":"Milosevic, A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milosevic, A.\n , & \n \n Ledgerwood, D.\u00a0M.\n (2010). The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review,30,988\u2013998. doi:10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.013"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"463","article-title":"Real limits in the virtual world: Self-limiting behavior of Internet gamblers","volume":"24,","author":"Nelson, S.\u00a0E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nelson, S.\u00a0E.\n , \n \n LaPlante, D.\u00a0A.\n , \n \n Peller, A.\u00a0J.\n , \n \n Schumann, A.\n , \n \n LaBrie, R.\u00a0A.\n , & \n \n Shaffer, H.\u00a0J.\n (2008). Real limits in the virtual world: Self-limiting behavior of Internet gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies,24,463\u2013477. doi:10.1007\/s10899-008-9106-8"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,","first-page":"257","article-title":"Internet gambling and problem gambling among 13 to 18 year old adolescents in Iceland","volume":"9,","author":"Olason, D.\u00a0T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olason, D.\u00a0T.\n , \n \n Kristjansdottir, E.\n , \n \n Einarsdottir, H.\n , \n \n Haraldsson, H.\n , \n \n Bjarnason, G.\n , & \n \n Derevensky, J.\n (2011). Internet gambling and problem gambling among 13 to 18 year old adolescents in Iceland. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,9,257\u2013263. doi:10.1007\/s11469-010-9280-7"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Addiction,","first-page":"645","article-title":"A comparison of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers based on preferred gambling activity","volume":"98,","author":"Petry, N.\u00a0M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petry, N.\u00a0M.\n (2003). A comparison of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers based on preferred gambling activity. Addiction,98,645\u2013655. doi:10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00336.x"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"American Journal of Addictions,","first-page":"325","article-title":"Internet gambling is common in college students and associated with poor mental health","volume":"16,","author":"Petry, N.\u00a0M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petry, N.\u00a0M.\n , & \n \n Weinstock, J.\n (2007). Internet gambling is common in college students and associated with poor mental health. American Journal of Addictions,16,325\u2013330. doi:10.1080\/10550490701525673"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,","first-page":"601","article-title":"Gambling involvement and increased risk of gambling problems","volume":"29,","author":"Phillips, J.\u00a0G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phillips, J.\u00a0G.\n , \n \n Ogeil, R.\n , \n \n Chow, Y.\u00a0W.\n , & \n \n Blaszczynski, A.\n (2013). Gambling involvement and increased risk of gambling problems. Journal of Gambling Studies,29,601\u2013611. doi:10.1007\/s10899-012-9325-x"},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Personality and Individual Differences,","first-page":"521","article-title":"Decisional styles and risk of problem drinking and gambling","volume":"51,","author":"Phillips, J.\u00a0G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips, J.\u00a0G.\n , & \n \n Ogeil, R.\u00a0P.\n (2011). Decisional styles and risk of problem drinking and gambling. Personality and Individual Differences,51,521\u2013126. doi:10.1016\/j.paid.2011.05.012"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,","first-page":"483","article-title":"Disordered gambling: Etiology, trajectory, and clinical considerations","volume":"7,","author":"Shaffer, H.\u00a0J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaffer, H.\u00a0J.\n , & \n \n Martin, R.\n (2011). Disordered gambling: Etiology, trajectory, and clinical considerations. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,7,483\u2013510. doi:10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-040510-143928"},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,","first-page":"517","article-title":"Assessing and treating problem gambling: Empirical status and promising trends","volume":"49,","author":"Toneatto, T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Toneatto, T.\n , & \n \n Rihs-Middel, M.\n (2004). Assessing and treating problem gambling: Empirical status and promising trends. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,49,517\u2013125. doi:10.1177\/070674370404900803"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"British gambling prevalence survey 2010","author":"Wardle, H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wardle, H.\n , \n \n Moody, A.\n , \n \n Spence, S.\n , \n \n Oxford, J.\n , \n \n Volberg, R.\n , \n \n Jotangia, D.\n , \n \n Griffiths, M.\n , \n \n Hussey, D.\n , & \n \n Dobbie, F.\n (2010). British gambling prevalence survey 2010. London, UK: The Stationery Office."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,","first-page":"105","article-title":"The association of form of gambling with problem gambling among American youth","volume":"23,","author":"Welte, J.\u00a0W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Welte, J.\u00a0W.\n , \n \n Barnes, G.\u00a0M.\n , \n \n Tidwell, M.\u00a0C.\n , & \n \n Hoffman, J.\u00a0H.\n (2009). The association of form of gambling with problem gambling among American youth. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,23,105\u2013112. doi:10.1037\/a0013536"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavioral Addictions"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/5\/3\/article-p439.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2006\/5\/3\/article-p439.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2006\/5\/3\/article-p439.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T16:47:23Z","timestamp":1704300443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/5\/3\/article-p439.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.5.2016.068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-5871","2063-5303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-5871","type":"print"},{"value":"2063-5303","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}}}