{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:38:46Z","timestamp":1788536326646,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518566400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"abstract":"\n Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n Research examining problematic mobile phone use has increased markedly over the past 5\u00a0years and has been related to \u201cno mobile phone phobia\u201d (so-called nomophobia). The 20-item Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) is the only instrument that assesses nomophobia with an underlying theoretical structure and robust psychometric testing. This study aimed to confirm the construct validity of the Persian NMP-Q using Rasch and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n After ensuring the linguistic validity, Rasch models were used to examine the unidimensionality of each Persian NMP-Q factor among 3,216 Iranian adolescents and CFAs were used to confirm its four-factor structure. Differential item functioning (DIF) and multigroup CFA were used to examine whether males and females interpreted the NMP-Q similarly, including item content and NMP-Q structure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Each factor was unidimensional according to the Rach findings, and the four-factor structure was supported by CFA. Two items did not quite fit the Rasch models (Item 14: \u201cI would be nervous because I could not know if someone had tried to get a hold of me<\/jats:italic>;\u201d Item 9: \u201cIf I could not check my smartphone for a while, I would feel a desire to check it<\/jats:italic>\u201d). No DIF items were found across gender and measurement invariance was supported in multigroup CFA across gender.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Due to the satisfactory psychometric properties, it is concluded that the Persian NMP-Q can be used to assess nomophobia among adolescents. Moreover, NMP-Q users may compare its scores between genders in the knowledge that there are no score differences contributed by different understandings of NMP-Q items.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]],"date-time":"2018-02-15T09:04:41Z","timestamp":1518685481000},"page":"100-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of Persian Nomophobia Questionnaire: Differential item functioning and measurement invariance across gender"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Chung-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir H","family":"Pakpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping University, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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