{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:59:07Z","timestamp":1760061547366},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"abstract":"Background and aims<\/jats:title>Scratch cards are a popular form of lottery gambling available in many jurisdictions. However, there is a paucity of research that examines associations between individual differences in thinking style, participation in scratch card gambling, and problem gambling severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>In three studies, we sought to examine the relationships among these variables in large, online samples of participants. Participants completed the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), the Actively Open-Minded Thinking Scale, and self-reported their frequency of scratch card gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Throughout all three studies, specific associations were reliably established. Specifically, negative associations were observed between participants\u2019 CRT and PGSI scores, as well as between participants\u2019 CRT scores and scratch card gambling frequency. In addition, we found a positive association between problem gambling severity and scratch card gambling frequency. Finally, problem gambling severity was shown to correlate positively with participants\u2019 willingness to pay for irrelevant information in a scratch card gambling scenario.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>Overall, we observed that problem gambling severity is associated with an individuals\u2019 thinking style and scratch card gambling behavior. This study adds to the existing literature examining problem gambling, and highlights the role of thinking style in understanding gambling behavior and problematic gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T09:12:33Z","timestamp":1545297153000},"page":"1022-1029","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring relationships between problem gambling, scratch card gambling, and individual differences in thinking style"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Madison","family":"Stange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Fugelsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike J.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.10.044","article-title":"Effects of impulsivity, reinforcement sensitivity, and cognitive style on pathological gambling symptoms among frequent slot machine players","volume":"52","author":"MacLaren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences,"},{"key":"ref371","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1317355","article-title":"Scratch cards in Portugal: A hidden threat","volume":"17","author":"Rodrigues-Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-011-0104-1","article-title":"The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks","volume":"39","author":"Toplak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition,"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2015.30.4","article-title":"Lottery ticket and instant win ticket gambling: Exploring the distinctions","volume":"30,","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues,"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.4.672","article-title":"On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability","volume":"94","author":"Stanovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2013.844729","article-title":"Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test","volume":"20","author":"Toplak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thinking & Reasoning,"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050647","article-title":"Impulsive action but not impulsive choice determines problem gambling severity","volume":"7","author":"Brevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9117-0","article-title":"Instant ticket purchasing by Ontario baby boomers: Increasing risk for problem gamblers","volume":"25","author":"Papoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9534-1","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates and morbidity in lottery gamblers: Results from a population survey","volume":"32","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1257\/089533005775196732","article-title":"Cognitive reflection and decision making","volume":"19","author":"Frederick","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives,"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9300-6","article-title":"Validity of the Problem Gambling Severity Index interpretive categories","volume":"29","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1317355","article-title":"Scratch cards in Portugal: A hidden threat","volume":"17","author":"Rodrigues-Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00329.x","article-title":"Are scratchcards addictive? The prevalence of pathological scratchcard gambling among adult scratchcard buyers in the Netherlands","volume":"98","author":"DeFuentes-Merillas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction,"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9534-1","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates and morbidity in lottery gamblers: Results from a population survey","volume":"32","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1769","article-title":"Dispositional predictors of problem gambling in male adolescents","volume":"154","author":"Vitaro","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry,"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2013.844729","article-title":"Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test","volume":"20","author":"Toplak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thinking & Reasoning,"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9300-6","article-title":"Validity of the Problem Gambling Severity Index interpretive categories","volume":"29","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500005921","article-title":"The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration","volume":"8","author":"Haran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making,"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1257\/089533005775196732","article-title":"Cognitive reflection and decision making","volume":"19","author":"Frederick","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives,"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78","article-title":"Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients","volume":"58","author":"Hemphill","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Psychologist,"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9101-0","article-title":"Are irrational beliefs and depressive mood more common among problem gamblers than non-gamblers? A survey study of Swedish problem gamblers and controls","volume":"24","author":"K\u00e4llm\u00e9n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1993.tb00731.x","article-title":"Why teach thinking? An essay","volume":"42","author":"Baron","year":"1993","journal-title":"Applied Psychology,"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9194-0","article-title":"Lottery gambling: A review","volume":"27","author":"Ariyabuddhiphongs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1769","article-title":"Dispositional predictors of problem gambling in male adolescents","volume":"154","author":"Vitaro","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry,"},{"key":"ref311","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023042708217","article-title":"The cognitive psychology of lottery gambling: A theoretical review","volume":"14","author":"Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9119-y","article-title":"Pathological gambling in Estonia: Relationships with personality, self-esteem, emotional states and cognitive ability","volume":"25","author":"Kaare","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089909039417","article-title":"Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling","volume":"34","author":"Toneatto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse,"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.018","article-title":"SCRATCH THAT! \u2013 Two case reports of scratch-card gambling disorder","volume":"45,","author":"Raposo-Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors,"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1360928","article-title":"Forms of gambling, gambling involvement and problem gambling: Evidence from a Swedish population survey","volume":"17","author":"Binde","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1360928","article-title":"Forms of gambling, gambling involvement and problem gambling: Evidence from a Swedish population survey","volume":"17","author":"Binde","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.37.5.632","article-title":"An encounter frequency account of how experience affects likelihood estimation","volume":"37","author":"Obrecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition,"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089909039417","article-title":"Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling","volume":"34","author":"Toneatto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse,"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.37.5.632","article-title":"An encounter frequency account of how experience affects likelihood estimation","volume":"37","author":"Obrecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition,"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.10.044","article-title":"Effects of impulsivity, reinforcement sensitivity, and cognitive style on pathological gambling symptoms among frequent slot machine players","volume":"52","author":"MacLaren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences,"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9710-6","article-title":"Cognitive characteristics of strategic and non-strategic gamblers","volume":"34","author":"Mouneyrac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1993.tb00731.x","article-title":"Why teach thinking? An essay","volume":"42","author":"Baron","year":"1993","journal-title":"Applied Psychology,"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2015.30.4","article-title":"Lottery ticket and instant win ticket gambling: Exploring the distinctions","volume":"30,","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues,"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.4.569","article-title":"Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning","volume":"136","author":"Alter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9194-0","article-title":"Lottery gambling: A review","volume":"27","author":"Ariyabuddhiphongs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9770-2","article-title":"Unclaimed prize information biases perceptions of winning in scratch card gambling","volume":"34","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Are lottery scratchcards a \u201chard\u201d form of gambling?","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues,"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9117-0","article-title":"Instant ticket purchasing by Ontario baby boomers: Increasing risk for problem gamblers","volume":"25","author":"Papoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500005921","article-title":"The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration","volume":"8","author":"Haran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making,"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.4.672","article-title":"On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability","volume":"94","author":"Stanovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-011-0104-1","article-title":"The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks","volume":"39","author":"Toplak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition,"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78","article-title":"Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients","volume":"58","author":"Hemphill","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Psychologist,"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050647","article-title":"Impulsive action but not impulsive choice determines problem gambling severity","volume":"7","author":"Brevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref401","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index","author":"Ferris","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00329.x","article-title":"Are scratchcards addictive? The prevalence of pathological scratchcard gambling among adult scratchcard buyers in the Netherlands","volume":"98","author":"DeFuentes-Merillas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction,"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9710-6","article-title":"Cognitive characteristics of strategic and non-strategic gamblers","volume":"34","author":"Mouneyrac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref421","article-title":"Are lottery scratchcards a \u201chard\u201d form of gambling?","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues,"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.018","article-title":"SCRATCH THAT! \u2013 Two case reports of scratch-card gambling disorder","volume":"45,","author":"Raposo-Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors,"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023042708217","article-title":"The cognitive psychology of lottery gambling: A theoretical review","volume":"14","author":"Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref631","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index","author":"Ferris","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9770-2","article-title":"Unclaimed prize information biases perceptions of winning in scratch card gambling","volume":"34","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.4.569","article-title":"Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning","volume":"136","author":"Alter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9101-0","article-title":"Are irrational beliefs and depressive mood more common among problem gamblers than non-gamblers? A survey study of Swedish problem gamblers and controls","volume":"24","author":"K\u00e4llm\u00e9n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9119-y","article-title":"Pathological gambling in Estonia: Relationships with personality, self-esteem, emotional states and cognitive ability","volume":"25","author":"Kaare","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies,"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavioral Addictions"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akademiai.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.131","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/7\/4\/article-p1022.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2006\/7\/4\/article-p1022.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T09:44:29Z","timestamp":1694511869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2006\/7\/4\/article-p1022.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2062-5871","2063-5303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2062-5871","type":"print"},{"value":"2063-5303","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}