{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:46:56Z","timestamp":1790790416491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Behav Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"background and aims\">\n          <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study aimed to examine associations between risk factors suggested in the pathway model proposed by Billieux et\u00a0al., demographic and substance use variables, and problematic smartphone use (PSU).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n          <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The analytical sample consisted of 5,096 Swiss men (mean age\u2009=\u200925.5 years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.26). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted with PSU as dependent and the following as independent variables: (a) Billieux\u2019s pathway model variables (depression, social anxiety, ADHD, aggression\u2013hostility, and sensation seeking); (b) substance use variables [alcohol: at-risk risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD); at-risk volume drinking; tobacco use: daily smoking; illicit drug use: more than weekly cannabis use; having used at least one other illicit drug besides cannabis over the preceding 12 months]; and (c) sociodemographic variables (age, language region, and education).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n          <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>All pathway-model variables except sensation seeking were significant predictors of PSU, especially symptoms of social anxiety (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.196) and ADHD (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.184). At-risk RSOD was positively (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.071) associated with PSU, whereas both frequent cannabis use (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.060) and daily cigarette smoking (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.035) were negatively associated with PSU. Higher-achieved educational levels and being from the German-speaking part of Switzerland predicted PSU.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec sec-type=\"discussion and conclusions\">\n          <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The findings of this study can be used to develop tailored interventional programs that address the co-occurrence of certain risky behaviors (e.g.,\u00a0at-risk RSOD and PSU) and target individuals who might be particularly prone to PSU. Such interventions would need to ensure that addressing one problem (e.g.,\u00a0decreasing PSU) does not lead to some other compensatory behavior (e.g.,\u00a0frequent cigarette smoking).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T08:08:36Z","timestamp":1557734916000},"page":"326-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Problematic smartphone use in young Swiss men: Its association with problematic substance use and risk factors derived from the pathway model"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Dey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Patrick","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Gmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Daniel","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny Yi-Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Severin","family":"Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1503-z","article-title":"Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: A cross-sectional study among medical college students","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry,"},{"key":"ref331","volume-title":"Classical and modern regression with applications","author":"Myers","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00511","article-title":"General deficit in inhibitory control of excessive smartphone users: Evidence from an event-related potential study","volume":"7,","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00511","article-title":"General deficit in inhibitory control of excessive smartphone users: Evidence from an event-related potential study","volume":"7,","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182239","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students \u2013 A cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Boumosleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-217","article-title":"The association between problematic cellular phone use and risky behaviors and low self-esteem among Taiwanese adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health,"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0054-y","article-title":"Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? 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