{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:15:48Z","timestamp":1787022948306,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PhysInt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the role of levetiracetam (LEV) and gabapentin (GBP) on mechanical and thermal pain thresholds, as well as n-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an adjuvant, in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) model after mild-traumatic brain injury (TBI) in male Sprague-Dawley rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Animals were randomly divided into 7 groups (Control, PTE, PTE+LEV, PTE+GBP, PTE+NAC, PTE+LEV+NAC and PTE+GBP+NAC). Rats received 50\u2009mg kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      LEV, 100\u2009mg kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      GBP, and combinations of these antiepileptics with 100\u2009mg kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      NAC for 14 days after TBI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While the thermal pain threshold decreased significantly in the PTE group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), it\u00a0increased in the PTE+LEV, PTE+GBP, and PTE+LEV+NAC groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01, respectively). Interestingly, NAC alone did not affect the thermal pain threshold, but the combination of PTE+LEV+NAC increased the thermal pain threshold. Furthermore, PTE+GBP+NAC administration prevented the effect of GBP on the thermal pain threshold.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presented study is the first to examine the effect of LEV and GBP in PTE. It was found that PTE decreased the thermal pain threshold, but LEV and GBP applied for 14 days prevented the decrease in PTE-related pain threshold and increased the thermal pain threshold. NAC, which was used as an adjuvant to support antiepileptic drugs, did not influence the thermal pain threshold alone; however, it increased the pain threshold more by potentiating the effect of LEV. Both LEV and GBP have an antihyperalgesic effect in the PTE model facilitated by PTZ, and NAC further reinforces the antihyperalgesic effect of LEV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2025.00524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T12:19:10Z","timestamp":1741868350000},"page":"68-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antihyperalgesic effects of gabapentin and levetiracetam in a model of post-traumatic epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Recep","family":"Basaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Efendioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences Haydarpa\u015fa Numune Training and Research, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metehan","family":"Ak\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu","family":"Ceman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-6730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cumaali","family":"Demirta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunus Emre","family":"S\u00fcrmeneli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"B1","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"962","article-title":"Understanding pain after traumatic brain injury: impact on community participation","volume":"86","author":"Hoffman JM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoffman JM, Pagulayan KF, Zawaideh N, Dikmen S, Temkin N, Bell KR. Understanding pain after traumatic brain injury: impact on community participation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 86(12): 962\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31815b5ee5."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Seizure","first-page":"13","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: underlying mechanisms leading to seizure","volume":"33","author":"Lucke-Wold BP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lucke-Wold BP, Nguyen L, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Chen YW, Smith KE, et\u00a0al. Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: underlying mechanisms leading to seizure. Seizure 2015; 33: 13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.10.002."},{"issue":"10","key":"B3","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"674","article-title":"Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample","volume":"32","author":"Theadom A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Theadom A, Parmar P, Jones K, Barker-Collo S, Starkey NJ, McPherson KM, et\u00a0al. Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32(10): 674\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3579."},{"issue":"9 Suppl 5","key":"B4","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Epilepsy after brain insult: targeting epileptogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Herman ST","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herman ST. Epilepsy after brain insult: targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology 2002; 59(9 Suppl 5): S21\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.59.9_suppl_5.s21."},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"163","article-title":"Anti-epileptogenesis in rodent post-traumatic epilepsy models","volume":"497","author":"Pitk\u00e4nen A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pitk\u00e4nen A, Bolkvadze T, Immonen R. Anti-epileptogenesis in rodent post-traumatic epilepsy models. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497(3): 163\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.02.033."},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"276","article-title":"Migraine and epilepsy: a focus on overlapping clinical, pathophysiological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"14","author":"Bianchin MM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bianchin MM, Londero RG, Lima JE, Bigal ME. Migraine and epilepsy: a focus on overlapping clinical, pathophysiological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2010; 14(4): 276\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-010-0121-y."},{"issue":"2","key":"B7","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"308","article-title":"Comorbidities of epilepsy: results from the epilepsy comorbidities and Health (EPIC) survey","volume":"52","author":"Ottman R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ottman R, Lipton RB, Ettinger AB, Cramer JA, Reed ML, Morrison A, et\u00a0al. Comorbidities of epilepsy: results from the epilepsy comorbidities and Health (EPIC) survey. Epilepsia 2011; 52(2): 308\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02927.x."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"146","article-title":"Epilepsy may cause increased pain sensitivity: evidence from absence epileptic WAG\/Rij rats","volume":"75","author":"Velioglu SK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Velioglu SK, Gedikli O, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M, Ayar A. Epilepsy may cause increased pain sensitivity: evidence from absence epileptic WAG\/Rij rats. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 75: 146\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.07.007."},{"issue":"3","key":"B9","series-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Cortical excitability in migraine and epilepsy: a common feature?","volume":"29","author":"Badawy RAB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Badawy RAB, Jackson GD. Cortical excitability in migraine and epilepsy: a common feature? J Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 29(3): 244\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3182570fee."},{"issue":"3","key":"B10","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"386","article-title":"\u201cHeadache and epilepsy\u201d--how are they connected?","volume":"26","author":"Papetti L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papetti L, Nicita F, Parisi P, Spalice A, Villa MP, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenit\u00e9 DG. \u201cHeadache and epilepsy\u201d--how are they connected? Epilepsy Behav 2013; 26(3): 386\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.09.025."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"14","article-title":"Does pain sensitivity increase during ictal period? Evidence from absence epileptic WAG\/Rij rats","volume":"87","author":"Velioglu SK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Velioglu SK, Gedikli O, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M, Ayar A. Does pain sensitivity increase during ictal period? Evidence from absence epileptic WAG\/Rij rats. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87: 14\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.08.001."},{"issue":"26","key":"B12","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.","first-page":"9861","article-title":"The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam","volume":"101","author":"Lynch BA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lynch BA, Lambeng N, Nocka K, Kensel-Hammes P, Bajjalieh SM, Matagne A, et\u00a0al. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101(26): 9861\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0308208101."},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"B13","series-title":"Am J Med.","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Treatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of recent guidelines","volume":"122","author":"O'Connor AB","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Connor AB, Dworkin RH. Treatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of recent guidelines. Am J Med. 2009; 122(10 Suppl): S22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.04.007."},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"355","article-title":"Inflammation and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury","volume":"72","author":"Corps KN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corps KN, Roth TL, McGavern DB. Inflammation and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72(3): 355\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3558."},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Beneficial effects of n-acetylcysteine on ischaemic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Cuzzocrea S","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Costantino G, Serraino I, Dugo L, Calabr\u00f3 G, et\u00a0al. Beneficial effects of n-acetylcysteine on ischaemic brain injury. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130(6): 1219\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703421."},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"J Neurosci Res","first-page":"519","article-title":"Administration of N-acetylcysteine after focal cerebral ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of experimental stroke","volume":"76","author":"Khan M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khan M, Sekhon B, Jatana M, Giri S, Gilg AG, Sekhon C, et\u00a0al. Administration of N-acetylcysteine after focal cerebral ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of experimental stroke. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76(4): 519\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.20087."},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"N-Acetyl cysteine protects against injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"971","author":"Sekhon B","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sekhon B, Sekhon C, Khan M, Patel SJ, Singh I, Singh AK. N-Acetyl cysteine protects against injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2003; 971(1): 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-8993(03)02244-3."},{"issue":"94","key":"B18","series-title":"J Vis Exp","article-title":"A novel model of mild traumatic brain injury for juvenile rats","author":"Mychasiuk R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mychasiuk R, Farran A, Angoa-Perez M, Briggs D, Kuhn D, Esser MJ. A novel model of mild traumatic brain injury for juvenile rats. J Vis Exp 2014(94): 51820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/51820."},{"issue":"8","key":"B19","series-title":"Neurochem Res","first-page":"1802","article-title":"Combination therapy of gabapentin and N-acetylcysteine against posttraumatic epilepsy in rats","volume":"45","author":"Efendioglu M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Efendioglu M, Basaran R, Akca M, Ceman D, Demirtas C, Yildirim M. Combination therapy of gabapentin and N-acetylcysteine against posttraumatic epilepsy in rats. Neurochem Res 2020; 45(8): 1802\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-020-03042-x."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: new modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure","volume":"182","author":"Mousavi-Hasanzadeh M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mousavi-Hasanzadeh M, Rezaeian-Varmaziar H, Shafaat O, Jand A, Palizvan MR. The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: new modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 182: 7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.04.010."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"43","article-title":"Evaluation of spatial memory and locomotor activity during hypercortisolism induced by the administration of dexamethasone in adult male rats","volume":"1595","author":"Y\u0131lmaz T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz T, Gedikli \u00d6, Yildirim M. Evaluation of spatial memory and locomotor activity during hypercortisolism induced by the administration of dexamethasone in adult male rats. Brain Res 2015; 1595: 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.034."},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med","first-page":"74","article-title":"Repeated electroacupuncture treatment attenuated hyperalgesia through suppression of spinal glial activation in chronic neuropathic pain rats","volume":"18","author":"Wang JY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang JY, Gao YH, Qiao LN, Zhang JL, Duan-Mu CL, Yan YX, et\u00a0al. Repeated electroacupuncture treatment attenuated hyperalgesia through suppression of spinal glial activation in chronic neuropathic pain rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2018; 18(1): 74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2134-8."},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"77","article-title":"A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia","volume":"32","author":"Hargreaves K","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hargreaves K, Dubner R, Brown F, Flores C, Joris J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain 1988; 32(1): 77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90026-7."},{"issue":"9","key":"B24","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Natural history of headache after traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Hoffman JM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoffman JM, Lucas S, Dikmen S, Braden CA, Brown AW, Brunner R, et\u00a0al. Natural history of headache after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28(9): 1719\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2011.1914."},{"issue":"5","key":"B25","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"584","article-title":"Early and late posttraumatic seizures in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation patients: brain injury factors causing late seizures and influence of seizures on long-term outcome","volume":"40","author":"Asikainen I","year":"1999","unstructured":"Asikainen I, Kaste M, Sarna S. Early and late posttraumatic seizures in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation patients: brain injury factors causing late seizures and influence of seizures on long-term outcome. Epilepsia 1999; 40(5): 584\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05560.x."},{"issue":"2","key":"B26","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"93","article-title":"A prospective study of prevalence and characterization of headache following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Lucas S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas S, Hoffman JM, Bell KR, Dikmen S. A prospective study of prevalence and characterization of headache following mild traumatic brain injury. Cephalalgia 2014; 34(2): 93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102413499645."},{"issue":"s10","key":"B27","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"11","article-title":"Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review","volume":"44","author":"Frey LC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frey LC. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsia 2003; 44(s10): 11\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.4.x."},{"issue":"3","key":"B28","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"365","article-title":"Analyzing risk factors for late posttraumatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter investigation","volume":"84","author":"Englander J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Englander J, Bushnik T, Duong TT, Cifu DX, Zafonte R, Wright J, et\u00a0al. Analyzing risk factors for late posttraumatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84(3): 365\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2003.50022."},{"issue":"2","key":"B29","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"685","article-title":"A model of posttraumatic epilepsy induced by lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in rats","volume":"140","author":"Kharatishvili I","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kharatishvili I, Nissinen JP, McIntosh TK, Pitk\u00e4nen A. A model of posttraumatic epilepsy induced by lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in rats. Neuroscience 2006; 140(2): 685\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.03.012."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","first-page":"8","article-title":"Modelling traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic epilepsy in rodents","volume":"123","author":"Brady RD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brady RD, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Agoston DV, Bertram EH, Kamnaksh A, Semple BD, et\u00a0al. Modelling traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic epilepsy in rodents. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 123: 8\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.08.007."},{"issue":"21","key":"B31","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"8523","article-title":"Physiological and structural evidence for hippocampal involvement in persistent seizure susceptibility after traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Golarai G","year":"2001","unstructured":"Golarai G, Greenwood AC, Feeney DM, Connor JA. Physiological and structural evidence for hippocampal involvement in persistent seizure susceptibility after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2001; 21(21): 8523\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-21-08523.2001."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"B32","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"30","article-title":"Epilepsy following cortical injury: cellular and molecular mechanisms as targets for potential prophylaxis","volume":"50","author":"Prince DA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prince DA, Parada I, Scalise K, Graber K, Jin X, Shen F. Epilepsy following cortical injury: cellular and molecular mechanisms as targets for potential prophylaxis. Epilepsia 2009; 50(Suppl 2): 30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02008.x."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"BMC Neurol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury - a meta analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zafar SN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zafar SN, Khan AA, Ghauri AA, Shamim MS. Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury - a meta analysis. BMC Neurol 2012; 12: 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-12-30."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e901","article-title":"Early and late posttraumatic epilepsy in the setting of traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis and review of antiepileptic management","volume":"110","author":"Wilson CD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson CD, Burks JD, Rodgers RB, Evans RM, Bakare AA, Safavi-Abbasi S. Early and late posttraumatic epilepsy in the setting of traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis and review of antiepileptic management. World Neurosurg 2018; 110: e901\u2013e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.116."},{"issue":"2","key":"B35","series-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci","first-page":"257","article-title":"Neuroprotection and anti-seizure effects of levetiracetam in a rat model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Caudle KL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caudle KL, Lu XCM, Mountney A, Shear DA, Tortella FC. Neuroprotection and anti-seizure effects of levetiracetam in a rat model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34(2): 257\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-150580."},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"B36","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"S25","article-title":"Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Lu XCM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu XCM, Cao Y, Mountney A, Liao Z, Shear DA, Tortella FC. Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83(1 Suppl 1): S25\u2013S34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000001470."},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"615","article-title":"Structural and functional brain alterations in post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Schwedt TJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwedt TJ. Structural and functional brain alterations in post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00615."},{"issue":"7","key":"B38","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"619","article-title":"Characteristics and treatment of headache after\u00a0traumatic brain injury: a focused review","volume":"85","author":"Lew HL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lew HL, Lin PH, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Clark DJ, Walker WC. Characteristics and treatment of headache after\u00a0traumatic brain injury: a focused review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85(7): 619\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.phm.0000223235.09931.c0."},{"issue":"1","key":"B39","series-title":"J Headache Pain","first-page":"70","article-title":"High prevalence of headaches in patients with epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Wang XQ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang XQ, Lang SY, He MW, Zhang X, Zhu F, Dai W, et\u00a0al. High prevalence of headaches in patients with epilepsy. J Headache Pain 2014; 15(1): 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1129-2377-15-70."},{"key":"B40","series-title":"J Neuroinflammation","first-page":"15","article-title":"The antinociceptive effect of systemic gabapentin is related to the type of sensitization-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"4","author":"Curros-Criado MM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Curros-Criado MM, Herrero JF. The antinociceptive effect of systemic gabapentin is related to the type of sensitization-induced hyperalgesia. J Neuroinflammation 2007; 4: 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-4-15."},{"issue":"3","key":"B41","series-title":"J Recept Signal Transduct Res","first-page":"156","article-title":"Modulation of action potential and calcium signaling by levetiracetam in rat sensory neurons","volume":"32","author":"Ozcan M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozcan M, Ayar A. Modulation of action potential and calcium signaling by levetiracetam in rat sensory neurons. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2012; 32(3): 156\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10799893.2012.672993."},{"issue":"5","key":"B42","series-title":"Mol Biol Rep","first-page":"3389","article-title":"Acute administration of levetiracetam in tonic pain model modulates gene expression of 5HT(1A) and 5HT(7) receptors in the thalamus of rats (Rattus norvergicus)","volume":"47","author":"Cortes-Altamirano JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cortes-Altamirano JL, Reyes-Long S, Bonilla-Jaime H, Clavijo-Cornejo D, Vargas J, Bandala C, et\u00a0al. Acute administration of levetiracetam in tonic pain model modulates gene expression of 5HT(1A) and 5HT(7) receptors in the thalamus of rats (Rattus norvergicus). Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47(5): 3389\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-05419-1."},{"issue":"1","key":"B43","series-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol","first-page":"108","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin","volume":"6","author":"Sills GJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sills GJ. The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006; 6(1): 108\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2005.11.003."},{"key":"B44","series-title":"Brain Res Bull","first-page":"183","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of peripheral afferent-evoked activity in the dorsal horn recorded in rat spinal cord slices","volume":"131","author":"Yu F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu F, Zhao ZY, He T, Yu YQ, Li Z, Chen J. Temporal and spatial dynamics of peripheral afferent-evoked activity in the dorsal horn recorded in rat spinal cord slices. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131: 183\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.04.012."},{"issue":"7","key":"B45","series-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther","first-page":"762","article-title":"Alpha-lipoic acid downregulates TRPV1 receptor via NF-\u03baB and attenuates neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Zhang BY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang BY, Zhang YL, Sun Q, Zhang PA, Wang XX, Xu GY, et\u00a0al. Alpha-lipoic acid downregulates TRPV1 receptor via NF-\u03baB and attenuates neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26(7): 762\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.13303."}],"container-title":["Physiology International"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2060\/112\/1\/article-p68.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2060\/112\/1\/article-p68.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2060\/112\/1\/article-p68.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T11:56:39Z","timestamp":1743076599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2060\/112\/1\/article-p68.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2060.2025.00524","relation":{},"ISSN":["2498-602X","2677-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2498-602X","type":"print"},{"value":"2677-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}