{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T17:36:13Z","timestamp":1765474573654,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PhysInt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrical stimulation (ES) is commonly used in stroke rehabilitation to enhance balance and walking, but its effectiveness remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review evaluated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of various ES types including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), functional electrical stimulation (FES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on balance and gait in stroke patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. RCTs comparing ES with sham or conventional therapies were included. Methodological quality was assessed Via the PEDro scale. Meta analyses were performed for the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), with qualitative analysis for other outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials (1,366 participants) examined tDCS, FES, TENS, and NMES effects on balance using BBS, TUG, and TIS. Meta-regression analyses within the FES subgroup revealed that stimulation intensity, frequency, and electrode location did not significantly influence treatment outcomes (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). However, outcome type was a significant moderator (QM = 13.59,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0011), accounting for approximately 56% of between-study heterogeneity. FES showed larger effect sizes for balance outcomes (BBS) compared to mobility (TUG) or trunk control (TIS) measures. Balance improvements were greatest in the acute stroke phase, suggesting that timing may influence ES effectiveness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrical stimulation significantly improves balance and trunk control in stroke survivors with consistent effects across studies, however functional mobility benefits remain unclear due to high degree of study variability. Early intervention during acute stroke phases appears most effective, supporting the integration of electrical stimulation into post stroke rehabilitation protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2025.00688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T10:16:47Z","timestamp":1764584207000},"page":"393-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of different types of electrical stimulation on postural control and gait after stroke: A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam Mohamed","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Diseases and Surgeries of the Neuromuscular System, College of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fady Tarek","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Diseases and Surgeries of the Neuromuscular System, College of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merna Magdy","family":"Moharib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Diseases and Surgeries of the Neuromuscular System, College of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Moslem","family":"Hefny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neuromuscular Disorders and Its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Benha University, Qalyubiyya, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hendawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Neuromuscular Diseases and Its Surgery, College of Physical Therapy, Galala University, Suez, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya G.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayada","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Diseases and Surgeries of the Neuromuscular System, College of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-6976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abd Elhamied","family":"El Sherbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy National Institute of Longevity Elder Sciences NILES, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0237-0374","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hager Rasmy","family":"Elserougy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Diseases and Surgeries of the Neuromuscular System, College of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heba Ahmed","family":"Abd Elazeem Haridy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6586-2459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed Abdelaziz","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Neurosciences Division, Doctoral College, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"B1","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142017 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Benjamin EJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et\u00a0al. 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