{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:06:11Z","timestamp":1774627571766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PHYSINT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate a predictive nomogram for oocyte retrieval and embryo quality based on personalized growth hormone (GH) pretreatment in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques (ART) with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2,000 women \u226440 years, diagnosed with DOR, were non-randomly assigned to one of four groups based upon hormonal and metabolic markers: G1\u00a0(1-month GH pretreatment followed by ART), G2 (2-month GH pretreatment), G3 (GH given only during ovarian stimulation), and G4 (standard ART without GH). 2 IU\/day of GH was given to women from G1-G3, hormonal profile was repeated and dynamic stratification was done.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The G2 group showed significantly higher estradiol levels, more oocytes retrieved, and a higher proportion of good-quality embryos compared to G1, G3, and G4 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). HOMA-IR levels were elevated in the G2 group, indicating increased insulin resistance with prolonged GH exposure. Multivariate regression identified GH\u00a0dose (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.48,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001) and AMH (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.35,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0013) as strong positive predictors, while HOMA-IR (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.22,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012) and testosterone (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.29,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028) negatively impacted outcomes. The nomogram modelled through multivariate regression provides a clinically effective tool for personalization of GH pretreatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates that GH pretreatment significantly enhances oocyte retrieval and embryo quality. A nomogram-based predictive model stratifies patients,\u00a0supports the personalization of GH treatment duration, and offers a clinically useful tool toward precision reproductive medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2025.00738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:03:36Z","timestamp":1770631416000},"page":"64-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A nomogram-based model to personalize growth hormone pretreatment in assisted reproductive technique for prediction of oocyte retrieval and embryo quality"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Romaisa","family":"Anser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley, Camberley GU16 7UJ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0430-961X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sampana","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahida Islam Medical College, Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazlina","family":"Shaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Cureus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30326","article-title":"Fertility with early reduction of ovarian reserve","volume":"14","author":"Kesharwani DK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kesharwani DK, Mohammad S, Acharya N, Joshi KS. Fertility with early reduction of ovarian reserve. Cureus 2022; 14: e30326. 10.7759\/cureus.30326https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.30326"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"J Ovarian Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01296-x","article-title":"Potential factors result in diminished ovarian reserve: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Zhu Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Li Y, Ma J, Ma H, Liang X. Potential factors result in diminished ovarian reserve: a comprehensive review. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16: 208. 10.1186\/s13048-023-01296-xhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13048-023-01296-x"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2023.2282722","article-title":"Diminished ovarian reserve is associated with metabolic disturbances and hyperhomocysteinemia in women with infertility","volume":"43","author":"Lu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu Y, Xia Z. Diminished ovarian reserve is associated with metabolic disturbances and hyperhomocysteinemia in women with infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore) 2023; 43: 2282722. 10.1080\/01443615.2023.2282722https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2023.2282722"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Fertil Steril","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(01)02017-9","article-title":"Reproductive outcome in patients with diminished ovarian reserve","volume":"76","author":"Levi AJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levi AJ, Raynault MF, Bergh PA, Drews MR, Miller BT, Scott RT. Reproductive outcome in patients with diminished ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 666\u2013669. 10.1016\/s0015-0282(01)02017-9https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(01)02017-9"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.05.545","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, subfertility and vitamin D deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Azhar Arfa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azhar Arfa, Fatima Abid RR. Polycystic ovary syndrome, subfertility and vitamin D deficiency. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan 2020; 30: 545\u2013546. 10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.05.545https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.05.545"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"J Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155099","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve in Korean women of reproductive age","volume":"12","author":"Choi R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi R, Park W, Chun G, Lee SG, Lee EH. Investigation of the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve in Korean women of reproductive age. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 5099. 10.3390\/jcm12155099https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12155099"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"J Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061831","article-title":"The relevant hormonal levels and diagnostic features of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Khashchenko E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khashchenko E, Uvarova E, Vysokikh M, Ivanets T, Krechetova L, Tarasova N, et al. The relevant hormonal levels and diagnostic features of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 1831. 32545404. 10.3390\/jcm9061831https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061831"},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1551126","article-title":"The role of growth hormone in assisted reproductive technology for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: from signaling pathways to clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Han P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han P, Xu H, Yuan Y, Wen Z, Yang J, Han L, et al. The role of growth hormone in assisted reproductive technology for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: from signaling pathways to clinical applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16: 1551126. 10.3389\/fendo.2025.1551126https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1551126"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02246-6","article-title":"Potential roles of experimental reproductive technologies in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve","volume":"38","author":"Jiao Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiao Z, Bukulmez O. Potential roles of experimental reproductive technologies in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38: 2507\u20132517. 10.1007\/s10815-021-02246-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-021-02246-6"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Glob Libr Women's Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3843\/GLOWM.10338","article-title":"Ovulation induction with gonadotropins","author":"Seibel MM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seibel MM. Ovulation induction with gonadotropins. Glob Libr Women's Med 2009. 10.3843\/GLOWM.10338https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3843\/GLOWM.10338"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1576333","article-title":"Novel perspectives on growth hormone regulation of ovarian function: mechanisms, formulations, and therapeutic applications","volume":"16","author":"Yang S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang S, Luo W, Sun Y, Wang S. Novel perspectives on growth hormone regulation of ovarian function: mechanisms, formulations, and therapeutic applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16: 1576333. 10.3389\/fendo.2025.1576333https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1576333"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Fertil Steril","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.049","article-title":"The value of growth hormone supplements in ART for poor ovarian responders","volume":"96","author":"de Ziegler D","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Ziegler D, Streuli I, Meldrum DR, Chapron C. The value of growth hormone supplements in ART for poor ovarian responders. Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 1069\u20131076. 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.049https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.049"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1040503","article-title":"Growth hormone in fertility and infertility: mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"13","author":"Chang CW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang CW, Sung YW, Hsueh YW, Chen YY, Ho M, Hsu HC, et al. Growth hormone in fertility and infertility: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13: 1040503. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.1040503https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1040503"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm E","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 573. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/108756","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of women in Karachi, Pakistan regarding secondary infertility: results from a community-based qualitative study","volume":"2012","author":"Sami N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sami N, Saeed Ali T. Perceptions and experiences of women in Karachi, Pakistan regarding secondary infertility: results from a community-based qualitative study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2012; 2012: 1\u20137. 10.1155\/2012\/108756https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/108756"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Singapore Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2020130","article-title":"Ovarian biomarkers predict controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilisation treatment in Singapore","volume":"61","author":"Lee R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee R, Khin L, Hendricks M, Tan H, Nadarajah S, Tee N, et al. Ovarian biomarkers predict controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilisation treatment in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2020; 61: 463\u2013468. 10.11622\/smedj.2020130https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622\/smedj.2020130"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"J Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030818","article-title":"Impact of insulin resistance on ovarian sensitivity and pregnancy outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF","volume":"12","author":"Luo Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Fan Y, Jiang L, Xu X, et al. Impact of insulin resistance on ovarian sensitivity and pregnancy outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 818. 10.3390\/jcm12030818https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12030818"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_360_22","article-title":"Ovarian endocrine status and ART 0utcomes in women within PCOS based on different testosterone levels","volume":"27","author":"Falahati-Pour SK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Falahati-Pour SK, Pourmasumi S, Mirhashemi ES. Ovarian endocrine status and ART 0utcomes in women within PCOS based on different testosterone levels. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27: 440\u2013444. 10.4103\/ijem.ijem_360_22https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_360_22"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Fertil Steril","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.065","article-title":"Serum inhibin A, inhibin B, pro-\u03b1C, and activin A levels in women with idiopathic premature ovarian failure","volume":"82","author":"Munz W","year":"2004","unstructured":"Munz W, Hammadeh ME, Seufert R, Schaffrath M, Schmidt W, Pollow K. Serum inhibin A, inhibin B, pro-\u03b1C, and activin A levels in women with idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 760\u2013762. 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.065https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.065"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1072313","article-title":"Regulation of ovarian function by growth hormone: potential intervention of ovarian aging","volume":"13","author":"Han L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han L, Tian H, Guo X, Zhang L. Regulation of ovarian function by growth hormone: potential intervention of ovarian aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13: 1072313. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.1072313https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1072313"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2033","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) improvement of ovarian responses and pregnancy outcome in poor ovarian responders: a randomized study","volume":"20","author":"Safdarian L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Safdarian L, Aghahosseini M, Alyasin A, Samaei Nouroozi A, Rashidi S, Shabani Nashtaei M, et al. Growth hormone (GH) improvement of ovarian responses and pregnancy outcome in poor ovarian responders: a randomized study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20: 2033\u20132037. 10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2033https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2033"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling","volume":"518","author":"Sharma R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma R, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Sharma VM. Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518: 111038. 10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000039645","article-title":"Effect of different growth hormone pretreatment times in assisted reproductive therapy for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: a retrospective pilot cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu L, Xu A, Jin Y, Tong X, Zhou F, et al. Effect of different growth hormone pretreatment times in assisted reproductive therapy for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: a retrospective pilot cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103: e39645. 10.1097\/md.0000000000039645https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000039645"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02166-5","article-title":"Growth hormone supplementation in women who are not poor responders","volume":"38","author":"Cozzolino M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cozzolino M. Growth hormone supplementation in women who are not poor responders. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38: 1261\u20131262. 10.1007\/s10815-021-02166-5https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-021-02166-5"},{"key":"B1","series-title":"Cureus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30326","article-title":"Fertility with early reduction of ovarian reserve","volume":"14","author":"Kesharwani DK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kesharwani DK, Mohammad S, Acharya N, Joshi KS. Fertility with early reduction of ovarian reserve. Cureus 2022; 14: e30326. 10.7759\/cureus.30326https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.30326"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"J Ovarian Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01296-x","article-title":"Potential factors result in diminished ovarian reserve: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Zhu Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Li Y, Ma J, Ma H, Liang X. Potential factors result in diminished ovarian reserve: a comprehensive review. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16: 208. 10.1186\/s13048-023-01296-xhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13048-023-01296-x"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2023.2282722","article-title":"Diminished ovarian reserve is associated with metabolic disturbances and hyperhomocysteinemia in women with infertility","volume":"43","author":"Lu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu Y, Xia Z. Diminished ovarian reserve is associated with metabolic disturbances and hyperhomocysteinemia in women with infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore) 2023; 43: 2282722. 10.1080\/01443615.2023.2282722https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2023.2282722"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Fertil Steril","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(01)02017-9","article-title":"Reproductive outcome in patients with diminished ovarian reserve","volume":"76","author":"Levi AJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levi AJ, Raynault MF, Bergh PA, Drews MR, Miller BT, Scott RT. Reproductive outcome in patients with diminished ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 666\u2013669. 10.1016\/s0015-0282(01)02017-9https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(01)02017-9"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.05.545","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, subfertility and vitamin D deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Azhar Arfa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azhar Arfa, Fatima Abid RR. Polycystic ovary syndrome, subfertility and vitamin D deficiency. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan 2020; 30: 545\u2013546. 10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.05.545https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.05.545"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"J Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155099","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve in Korean women of reproductive age","volume":"12","author":"Choi R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi R, Park W, Chun G, Lee SG, Lee EH. Investigation of the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve in Korean women of reproductive age. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 5099. 10.3390\/jcm12155099https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12155099"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"J Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061831","article-title":"The relevant hormonal levels and diagnostic features of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Khashchenko E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khashchenko E, Uvarova E, Vysokikh M, Ivanets T, Krechetova L, Tarasova N, et al. The relevant hormonal levels and diagnostic features of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 1831. 32545404. 10.3390\/jcm9061831https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061831"},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1551126","article-title":"The role of growth hormone in assisted reproductive technology for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: from signaling pathways to clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Han P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han P, Xu H, Yuan Y, Wen Z, Yang J, Han L, et al. The role of growth hormone in assisted reproductive technology for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: from signaling pathways to clinical applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16: 1551126. 10.3389\/fendo.2025.1551126https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1551126"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02246-6","article-title":"Potential roles of experimental reproductive technologies in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve","volume":"38","author":"Jiao Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiao Z, Bukulmez O. Potential roles of experimental reproductive technologies in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38: 2507\u20132517. 10.1007\/s10815-021-02246-6https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-021-02246-6"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Glob Libr Women's Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3843\/GLOWM.10338","article-title":"Ovulation induction with gonadotropins","author":"Seibel MM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seibel MM. Ovulation induction with gonadotropins. Glob Libr Women's Med 2009. 10.3843\/GLOWM.10338https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3843\/GLOWM.10338"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1576333","article-title":"Novel perspectives on growth hormone regulation of ovarian function: mechanisms, formulations, and therapeutic applications","volume":"16","author":"Yang S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang S, Luo W, Sun Y, Wang S. Novel perspectives on growth hormone regulation of ovarian function: mechanisms, formulations, and therapeutic applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16: 1576333. 10.3389\/fendo.2025.1576333https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1576333"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Fertil Steril","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.049","article-title":"The value of growth hormone supplements in ART for poor ovarian responders","volume":"96","author":"de Ziegler D","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Ziegler D, Streuli I, Meldrum DR, Chapron C. The value of growth hormone supplements in ART for poor ovarian responders. Fertil Steril 2011; 96: 1069\u20131076. 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.049https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.049"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1040503","article-title":"Growth hormone in fertility and infertility: mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"13","author":"Chang CW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang CW, Sung YW, Hsueh YW, Chen YY, Ho M, Hsu HC, et al. Growth hormone in fertility and infertility: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13: 1040503. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.1040503https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1040503"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm E","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 573. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/108756","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of women in Karachi, Pakistan regarding secondary infertility: results from a community-based qualitative study","volume":"2012","author":"Sami N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sami N, Saeed Ali T. Perceptions and experiences of women in Karachi, Pakistan regarding secondary infertility: results from a community-based qualitative study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2012; 2012: 1\u20137. 10.1155\/2012\/108756https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/108756"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Singapore Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2020130","article-title":"Ovarian biomarkers predict controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilisation treatment in Singapore","volume":"61","author":"Lee R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee R, Khin L, Hendricks M, Tan H, Nadarajah S, Tee N, et al. Ovarian biomarkers predict controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilisation treatment in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2020; 61: 463\u2013468. 10.11622\/smedj.2020130https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622\/smedj.2020130"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"J Clin Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030818","article-title":"Impact of insulin resistance on ovarian sensitivity and pregnancy outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF","volume":"12","author":"Luo Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Fan Y, Jiang L, Xu X, et al. Impact of insulin resistance on ovarian sensitivity and pregnancy outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 818. 10.3390\/jcm12030818https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12030818"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_360_22","article-title":"Ovarian endocrine status and ART 0utcomes in women within PCOS based on different testosterone levels","volume":"27","author":"Falahati-Pour SK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Falahati-Pour SK, Pourmasumi S, Mirhashemi ES. Ovarian endocrine status and ART 0utcomes in women within PCOS based on different testosterone levels. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27: 440\u2013444. 10.4103\/ijem.ijem_360_22https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_360_22"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Fertil Steril","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.065","article-title":"Serum inhibin A, inhibin B, pro-\u03b1C, and activin A levels in women with idiopathic premature ovarian failure","volume":"82","author":"Munz W","year":"2004","unstructured":"Munz W, Hammadeh ME, Seufert R, Schaffrath M, Schmidt W, Pollow K. Serum inhibin A, inhibin B, pro-\u03b1C, and activin A levels in women with idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 760\u2013762. 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.065https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.05.065"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1072313","article-title":"Regulation of ovarian function by growth hormone: potential intervention of ovarian aging","volume":"13","author":"Han L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han L, Tian H, Guo X, Zhang L. Regulation of ovarian function by growth hormone: potential intervention of ovarian aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13: 1072313. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.1072313https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1072313"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2033","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) improvement of ovarian responses and pregnancy outcome in poor ovarian responders: a randomized study","volume":"20","author":"Safdarian L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Safdarian L, Aghahosseini M, Alyasin A, Samaei Nouroozi A, Rashidi S, Shabani Nashtaei M, et al. Growth hormone (GH) improvement of ovarian responses and pregnancy outcome in poor ovarian responders: a randomized study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20: 2033\u20132037. 10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2033https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2033"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling","volume":"518","author":"Sharma R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma R, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Sharma VM. Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518: 111038. 10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111038"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000039645","article-title":"Effect of different growth hormone pretreatment times in assisted reproductive therapy for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: a retrospective pilot cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu L, Xu A, Jin Y, Tong X, Zhou F, et al. Effect of different growth hormone pretreatment times in assisted reproductive therapy for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: a retrospective pilot cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103: e39645. 10.1097\/md.0000000000039645https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000039645"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02166-5","article-title":"Growth hormone supplementation in women who are not poor responders","volume":"38","author":"Cozzolino M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cozzolino M. Growth hormone supplementation in women who are not poor responders. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38: 1261\u20131262. 10.1007\/s10815-021-02166-5https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-021-02166-5"}],"container-title":["Physiology International"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2060\/113\/1\/article-p64.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2060\/113\/1\/article-p64.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/2060\/113\/1\/article-p64.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:11:56Z","timestamp":1774624316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/2060\/113\/1\/article-p64.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2060.2025.00738","relation":{},"ISSN":["2498-602X","2677-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2498-602X","type":"print"},{"value":"2677-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}