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However, its effects on cognition in sedentary healthy young adults remain underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a quasi-experimental design, 186 participants were screened, 78 excluded based on predefined criteria, leaving 108 healthy adults (age 25\u201345 years, BMI 18\u201329.9\u2009kg m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      , sedentary &lt;5,000 steps\/day) assigned to either KD group (&lt;5% carbohydrates, 20\u201325% protein, 70\u201375% fat;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 54) or control group (regular diet \u223c50\u201365% carbohydrates;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 54). Participants underwent a 4 weeks' dietary intervention. Cognitive domains were assessed at baseline and post intervention using validated computer-based test battery. Pre, mid and post weight, BMI, blood ketones and fasting glucose were also measured. Forty-three participants in the KD group and 38 in the control group completed the trial.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four weeks of non-energy restricted KD improved processing speed, semantic memory, working memory, episodic memory, fluid cognition, crystallized cognition and overall cognitive composite scores (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.001) versus controls. Attention and inhibitory control (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.46) and cognitive flexibility (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.21) showed no significant differences. Blood ketones increased (0.12\u20131.32\u2009mmol L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) in KD participants versus controls (0.118\u20130.105\u2009mmol L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.94). KD reduced weight (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), BMI (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and fasting glucose (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Post intervention ketones predicted cognitive gain in most cognitive domains except attention &amp; inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short term KD intervention enhances memory, processing speed, fluid, crystallized and overall cognitive function composite scores in sedentary healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2025.00743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:15:21Z","timestamp":1768925721000},"page":"81-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a non-energy restricted ketogenic diet on cognition in sedentary healthy young adults"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Munaza","family":"Khattak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Peshawar Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3992-7279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Syed Hamid","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"World obesity Atlas","author":"World Obesity Federation","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation. 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