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TS is a rare but dangerous disease. In-hospital mortality in patients with TS is identical to mortality of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. There is no obstructive coronary plaque or thrombosis in patients with TS, but there is injury of both cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. The main manifestations of TS are apical akinesia and apical ballooning. The main cause of death in patients with TS\u00a0is cardiogenic shock. The excessive release of endogenous catecholamines is a trigger of TS. There is evidence that TS is a consequence of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenergic receptor (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR) overstimulation by catecholamines. The protein kinase A\u00a0inhibitor H-89 partially reversed stress-induced cardiac injury in rats with TS model (TSM). The\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR\u00a0antagonist ICI-118,551 exacerbated cardiac injury in TSM. The\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR agonist formoterol partially reversed cardiac injury in TSM. The\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR antagonist L-748337 had no effect on TSM. These findings indicate that the activation of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac injury in\u00a0TSM. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR stimulation protects the heart against stress-induced damage. However, there\u00a0is\u00a0evidence that\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR overstimulation can cause a negative inotropic effect. It remains unclear why\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR antagonists protect the heart against cardiac injury in TSM, but\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -AR antagonists do not demonstrate a significant clinical effect in patients with TS. Administration of isoproterenol and immobilization stress can be used for TSM, because both impacts induce apical akinesia, but only immobilization causes apical ballooning. There is indirect evidence on the involvement of progesterone in cardiac injury in TSM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2026.00751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:46:19Z","timestamp":1772189179000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of adrenergic receptors and sex steroid hormones in takotsubo syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Alla Alexandrovna","family":"Boshchenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Coronary Heart Disease, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology. 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Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia Vladimirovna","family":"Naryzhnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Coronary Heart Disease, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology. Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Kilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Coronary Heart Disease, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology. 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