{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:56:29Z","timestamp":1792158989792,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PHYSINT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Propranolol (a non-selective\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -blocker), metoprolol (a \u03b21-selective blocker), and nebivolol (a\u00a0\u03b21-selective blocker with nitric oxide (NO)\u2013releasing properties) are widely used in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. Based on their distinct pharmacological profiles at\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -adrenergic receptors, we aimed to comparatively evaluate their effects on chronotropic, inotropic, and vascular responses in isolated rat atria and thoracic aorta preparations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, isolated right, left atria and thoracic aorta preparations were used and mounted in organ bath systems. The right atrium was used to assess spontaneous beating rate (chronotropic responses), whereas the left atrium was used to evaluate contractile force (inotropic responses). Cumulative concentration\u2013response curves were obtained by administering increasing concentrations (10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u201310\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009M) of propranolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol in noradrenaline (NA)-stimulated atrial preparations. To determine the contribution of NO, nebivolol-induced negative chronotropic and inotropic responses were also examined in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009M). In endothelium-intact thoracic aorta rings, NA-induced contractile responses were also evaluated in the presence of each\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -blocker with different concentrations (10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009M).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Propranolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol produced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects in a concentration-dependent manner in isolated right and left atrial preparations. The negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of nebivolol were significantly attenuated in the presence of L-NAME (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt; 0.05). NA induced a concentration-dependent increase in contractile responses in endothelium-intact aortic rings. Propranolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol caused rightward shifts of the NA concentration\u2013response curves and Schild plot analysis revealed pA\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values of 6.64 \u00b1 0.47, 6.47 \u00b1 0.46, and 6.95 \u00b1 0.35, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that propranolol, metoprolol, and nebivolol show differential pharmacological profiles affecting atrial and vascular responses under NA stimulation in isolated rat atrial and aorta preparations. Notably, NO appears to be a key mediator of nebivolol's cardiac effects, reflected in its pronounced negative chronotropic and inotropic responses in isolated atrial tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2026.00835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T12:42:19Z","timestamp":1786106539000},"page":"431-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Propranolol, Metoprolol, and Nebivolol on isolated rat atrial preparations and thoracic aorta: Involvement of nitric oxide in\u00a0nebivolol-induced negative chronotropic and\u00a0inotropic responses"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-7756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hande Ozge","family":"Altunkaynak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-7612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yagmur","family":"Okcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0011-9023","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ismail Mert","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Am J Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e318188bdca","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic blockers: a 50-year historical perspective","volume":"10","author":"Frishman WH","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frishman WH. 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